The Process Of Disinfection Health And Social Care Essay

Disinfection refers to the devastation of infective microorganisms, instead than sterilisation, which is the complete devastation of all microbic signifier. This pattern is carried out utilizing a cold chemical disinfecting solution. However, was non a regular everyday process until the late twentieth century, when the eruption of AIDS brought up the demand for infection control in dental pattern, it was so realized that all points go outing in the dental research labs should be free from infective micro- beings ; for dental feelings that sensible meant that they should be disinfected before their displacement to the research lab At the minute most dental schools and infirmaries every bit good as an increasing, though still low, figure of practicians and research labs disinfect their feeling before utilizing them for the building of dramatis personaes Contamination of dental feeling with spit and blood from the unwritten pit occurs readily in dental clinics. Direct communicating between dental clinics and dental research labs makes contaminated dental feeling hard stuff to cover with from the cross infection point of position. Impression stuffs that have been exposed to infected spit and blood provide a important beginning for cross- contaminated. Microorganisms from the unwritten pit can remain alive on the feeling surface and can be transferred to the rock casts Washing with H2O or rinse in running H2O does non kill the micro-organisms in the feeling. When taking into consideration merchandises and methods for disinfecting feeling, two chief factors are of import: the anti bacterial efficaciousness of disinfecting processs and the consequence of these processs on the dimensional stableness of feeling stuff. Disinfection by submergence has been recognized as more effectual and dependable than disinfection by spray Previous publications investigated the involvement in feeling stuffs and disinfection started in 1980 and after two decennaries, it is now considered really critical to disinfect feeling stuffs in dental medicine likely due to lift in infections. The research was readily oriented towards two most of import countries, which consist of the chief demands for a germicide: the efficiency of the disinfecting solution in extinguishing the pathogens and the influence of the disinfection intervention on the belongingss of the feeling stuffHistory of irreversible hydrocolloid ( alginate )There is no verification as to the beginning or history of feeling taking in dental medicine. Matthaus Purmann ( 1648-1711 ) , a German sawbones, appears to hold discussed doing studies and wax theoretical accounts from which prosthetic contraptions were copied. In another instance, a German, Philipp Pfaff ( 1713-1766 ) , a personal tooth doctor to Frederick the Great of Prussia, was the first to explicate a t echnique of taking feeling with sealing wax and pouring with Plaster of Paris to build a dramatis personae. In 1820, the Gallic tooth doctor, C.F Delabarre, introduced the first feeling tray, but still use het wax as an feeling medium. In 1925, Alphons Poller, an Austrian, invented â€Å" Nogacoll † , the first of the reversible hydrocolloids based on agar-agar ( a veggie colloid derived from seaweed ) , but it was non until 1931 that it was applied to dental feeling pickings, and called â€Å" Denticole † . Agar softens when heated and when cooled, and can be reused These thermoset hydrocolloids, which were derived from alone seaweed off the Nipponese seashore, were used in Western dental medicine up until World war two, when they became unavailable. At the terminal of the 19th century, E.C.C Stanford, a chemist from Scotland, noticed that certain brown seaweed ( algae ) yielded a curious mucose extraction.He named it algin. This natural substance was subsequently known as a additive polymer with legion carboxyl acerb group and named anhydro-B-d-mannuronic acid ( besides called alginic acid ) . Alginic Acid ( Alaginate, a phycocolloid ) and most of the inorganic salts are indissoluble in H2O, but the salts obtained with Na, K, and ammonium, are soluble. When agar feeling stuff became in short supply because of World War 2, follow a line of probe on chemical-set alginates was accelerated to develop an appropriate replacement. The result was the present irreversible hydrocolloid, or alginate feeling stuffs. Chemical processing of brown algae nativ e to North American Waterss yielded new elastic chemical-set stuffs with an alginate base. The dry alginate pulverization when assorted with H2O signifiers a colloidal suspension so sets ( gels ) to organize an irreversible hydrocolloid alginate gel. The wide-ranging usage of irreversible hydrocolloid far exceeds that of other feeling stuffs available, because it is simple to utilize, comfy for the patient, relatively low-priced, and does non necessitate extremely structured equipment.Dental feeling stuffs:A cast of the patient ‘s oral cavity must foremost be prepared if a extra is to be created. That cast is termed an feeling. To do an feeling, dental forces put a soft stuff e.g. ( alginate feeling stuffs ) in a little mouth-shaped tray and so put it over the patient ‘s dentition and environing tissue, and allow it to put. The stuff is so removed from the oral cavity and used as a cast for doing a extra. There are many different types of feeling to run into specific dem ands. The map of an feeling stuff is to accurately enter the dimensions of unwritten tissues and their spacial relationships. The feeling gives a negative reproduction of these tissues. A positive reproduction is obtained by pouring dental rock or other suited stuff into the feeling and leting it to indurate. The positive reproduction is called a theoretical account or dramatis personae when big countries of the unwritten tissues are involved or a dice when individual or multiple tooth readyings are recorded. Impressions may be taken of parts of a tooth, a individual tooth, several dentitions, a quarter-circle of the oral cavity, or an full dentulous or edentulous arch.Irreversible hydrocolloid ( dental alginate )Dental alginate is an elastic feeling stuff. It is an irreversible hydrocolloid. A hydrocolloid is a suspension of moderate-sized atoms in a water-based solution. An irreversible hydrocolloid is one that can non be softened after puting without harm to stuff. Other physical belong ingss are that it has the ability to alter from a liquid province ( colloidal suspension ) to a semi- solid province ( gel ) but does non hold the ability to alter from a semi-solid province to liquid province. Alginate is heat-liable and hence can non be sterilized. Physical belongingss which could be affected by the disinfection procedure are surface raggedness, wettability, and dimensional change, normally termed stableness and truth. The job of theoretical account divergence can take to incorrect suiting surface, which amounts to loss of clip and excess cost to both dental technician and tooth doctor. The accomplishment or expertness of the dental technician could be undermined by hapless reproduction theoretical account. Soon, all dental alginate feeling that is used for building of theoretical accounts must be disinfected before been send to the dental research lab. However this procedure could do a dimensional alteration in the dental alginate feeling stuffs. The purpose of this thesis is to look into any discernible alterations ( contraction or enlargement ) that may happen in irreversible hydrocolloid ( dental alginate ) after plunging in bactericidal solution.Literature reappraisalDental irreversible hydrocolloid ( alginate ) is the most of import dental feeling stuff used worldwide in many clinical processs. On the other manus, alginate is dimensionally unstable and changes its dimensions after remotion from the oral cavity. When stored for more than ten proceedingss, alginate Begins to falsify, and after one to three hours ( depending on the merchandise and storage status ) can non be used for many clinical intents, particularly fixed prosthodontias such as Crown and Bridgess. The conditions required for ideal belongingss of dental alginate feeling, the stuff used must carry through certain standards such as easiness of use and sensible cost, equal flow belongingss, appropriate scene clip and features, sufficient mechanical strength non to rupture or for good deform during remotion, good dimensional truth, acceptableness to the patient, safety ( non toxic or annoying ) , no important debasement of belongingss as a consequence of disinfection, compatibility with dice and dramatis personae stuffs and good maintaining qualities â€Å" no impairment of fresh stuff in the dental office † ISO 1563:1990 specifies the International Standard for dental alginate feeling stuff, but makes no mention to dimensional truth or stableness. ISO 4823:1992 the International Standard for dental elastomeric feeling stuffs, does stipulate a demand for dimensional truth and stableness up to 24 hours ( additive alteration must be less than 1.5 % ) , and sets a method for their finding.Composition irreversible hydrocolloid ( dental alginate ) feeling stuff:The expression of the pulverization constituent dental alginate is soluble alginate, normally the Na salt, reacts with the reactor, Ca sulfate, to organize indissoluble Ca alginate, which form the gel. A retarder, normally sodium phosphate, preferentially reacts with reactor to forestall the induction of the reaction to enable the tooth doctor clip â€Å" on the job clip † to infix the feeling into the oral cavity prior to gelation Begins. Once the feeling is seated in the oral cavity, and the retarder is wholly consumed, an gas pedal ( normally potassium Ti fluoride ) takes over, and ensures the gelation reaction so proceeds fleetly to full set, to let early remotion from the oral cavity and. Dental alginates feeling stuffs have high degree of particulate filler to form physical belongingss, together with viscousness, and which besides have an consequence on stableness. A utile manner to build a more stable gel is to utilize atoms whose surfaces in solution are charged, ensuing in electrostatic stabilisation. A batch of oxide atoms, such as those of silicone and Ti, contain hydroxyl groups that can hydrolyze in aqueous media to organize negatively charged oxide groups, which stabilize the suspension. The readying of irreversible hydrocolloid ( alginate ) feeling stuff should be prepare by taking a proportion and mix stuff carefully, centre filled tray over condescending anterior to compacting over dentitions and work gently and distract patient at some phase in feeling process. Then leave in oral cavity for one minute beyond set. Break suction prior to trying feeling taking off from oral cavity. Then gently take set feeling with a individual uninterrupted pull. After that, clean and disinfect feeling before pouring doing certain that alginate feelings maintain appropriate humidness until feeling is poured. Finally, place the feeling on level surface tray side down. The feelings which are cast are utilized to build a battalion of different contraption such as survey theoretical account and working theoretical account. This working theoretical account can be to build such as orthodontic contraptions, splints, decoloring tray and oral cavity guards.The advantages of irreversible hydrocolloid ( dental alginate ) feeling stuff:moderately priced ( cheap ) Easy to utilize Relatively accurate at entering the size and form of oral cavity constructions Wholly bio-compatible Used one time and sets by a chemical reaction High elastic recovery.The disadvantages of irreversible hydrocolloid ( dental alginate ) feeling stuff:Reacts irreversibly with H2O to organize a gel Has a midst, pastelike consistence that perchance will ground muzzling Can be unsuccessful to enter anatomy or be weakened by incorporation of air in mix Has hapless compressive and tensile strength Can move in response with the environment to derive or lose H2O.The jobs that can caused dimensional instability of irreversible hydrocolloid ( dental alginate ) feeling stuffs:Dental alginates, like all hydrocolloids, tend to falsify with clip, as wet is lost ( H2O ) by ( vaporization and synaeresis ) or gain by ( imbibition ) H2O, and thereby spread out or contract ( Miller, 1975 ) . If irreversible hydrocolloid feeling stuffs ( dental alginate ) expand or contract, the peculiar prosthetic device made on the theoretical account green goods will non suit in the oral cavity ( Coleman et al. , 1979 ) . Even when stored under status of 100 % humidness ( to forestall desiccation ) , dental alginate feeling will contract ( more easy ) , bespeaking that other processes other than desiccation, including polymerisation and synaeresis are involved ( Miller, 1975 ) . Ideally, dental alginate feeling stuffs should be poured instantly, before these factors can falsify the feeling stuffs. Howeve r, an unrelated factor, like the ( elastic distortion ) of dental alginate, or the impermanent deformation when it is withdrawn from undercut, prevent immediate pour. This is because it takes clip ( ten proceedingss ) for the distorted dental alginate to retrieve from the original proportions of the feeling before remotion from the oral cavity.Therefore ; the best consequences are obtained when dental alginate feeling stuffs are poured after 10 proceedingss to avoid deformation from initial enlargement or elastic distortion before one hr. A practical clinical involvement from the point of position of possible imbibitions is that modern ‘accepted best pattern ‘ processs required disinfection by submergence of dental feeling in water-based germicide in order to cut down the hazard of conveying catching diseases to dental research lab. Fortunately, many workers have shown that, because the submergence times required to accomplish asepsis are comparatively short, the dimensional alterations ensuing from disinfection were undistinguished but however, deserving cut downing. Besides, blending techniques â€Å" mechanical versus manus blending † have been investigated for their consequence on dimensional stableness, with consequences corroborating there is no important clinical difference. In a survey conducted by Taylor et al. , ( 2002 ) , the purposes of this survey was to look into the consequence of disinfection processs ( PerformA ® and sodium hypochlorite ) on the dimensional truth and surface quality of four irreversible hydrocolloid feeling stuffs and the attendant gypsum dramatis personaes. The antibacterial efficaciousness of the processs was besides studied. Dimensional truth was determined from the average per centum divergence of six measurings taken from dramatis personaes made from disinfected feelings compared with matching measurings from the maestro theoretical account and controls. Statistical analysis of informations was determined by analysis of discrepancy. Surface quality was determined utilizing a chromium steel steel trial block in conformity with ISO 1563. The dimensional truth of the feeling stuffs tested were of a comparable criterion following disinfection. The surface quality of dramatis personaes taken from Blueprint Cremix feelings wer e unaffected by the disinfection processs. The staying feeling stuffs studied showed greater surface impairment on dramatis personaes following disinfection with Na hypochlorite than submergence in PerformA ® . All disinfection processs selected proven appropriate for antibacterial intents. In another survey by ( Jagger et al. , 2004 ) , the dimensional truth of two theoretical account stuffs ; dental rock and plaster of Paris, reproduced from three normally used feeling stuffs: alginate, polyether and addition-cured silicone were retained by their adhesives in acrylic rosin trays and exposed to four bactericidal solutions was evaluated. Ninety dramatis personaes were used to look into the consequence of the four germicides on the dimensional truth of alginate, polyether and addition-cured silicone feeling stuff. For each feeling stuff 30 feelings were taken, half were poured in dental rock and half in plaster of Paris. The germicides used were Dimenol, Perform-ID, MD-520, and Haz-tabs. Measurements were carried out utilizing a High Preciseness Reflex Microscope. For the alginate feelings merely those disinfected by 5-minute submergence in Haz-tabs solution and in neat MD 520 were non adversely affected by the disinfection intervention. All polyether feelings subjected to immersion disinfection exhibited a clinically acceptable enlargement. Disinfected addition-cured silicone feelings produced really accurate rock dramatis personaes. Those disinfected by spraying with fill-strength Dimenol produced dramatis personaes that were really similar to those left as controls, but those treated by submergence disinfection exhibited negligible and clinically acceptable enlargement. The consequences of the studied demonstrated that the assorted disinfection interventions had different effects on the feeling stuffs. It is of import that an appropriate germicide is used for each type of feeling stuff. Jagger et al. , 2007, moreover investigated and evaluated the dimensional truth and dimensional stableness of a theoretical account dental rock, reproduced from five commonly used feeling stuffs ( Aquasil soft putty/Aquasil Ultra LV ; Aquasil Monophase ; Aquasil Ultra Heavy ; Impregum F and Provil putty/ Provil Light CD wash ) were retained by their adhesives in acrylic rosin trays and exposed to three bactericidal solutions ( Perform ID ; Haz-Tabs and MD 520 ) . Two 100 theoretical accounts were used to look into the consequence of the three germicides on the dimensional truth of the five feeling stuffs. Five feelings were taken for each feeling stuff for each disinfection intervention group. Measurements were carried out utilizing a High Preciseness Reflex Microscope. All stuffs demonstrated a per centum alteration in dimensions when subjected to no disinfection when this was compared to the brass maestro dice in which all stuffs demonstrated a per centum alteration in dimensional stableness when subjected to the different disinfection processs. The consequences demonstrated that for all of the stuffs investigated, the alterations in dimensional stableness were little in the order of micrometers. These alterations may nevertheless be of clinical significance for processs necessitating a high grade of truth, for illustration fixed prosthodontias. The stuffs respond otherwise depending on the germicide used and it may hence be appropriate that makers recommend the usage of peculiar germicides for their merchandises in order to guarantee optimal dimensional truth and stableness. Amin et al. , ( 2009 ) , evaluated the consequence of disinfecting feeling stuffs on dimensional truth and surface quality of the consequence dramatis personaes. Impressions of a steel dice was constructed harmonizing to ANSI/ADA specification No.18 were made with each of alginate, extra cured silicone, condensation cured silicone and Zn oxide eugenol paste, and disinfected accordingly by each of 0.2 % A chlorhexidine gluconate, 1 % A Na hypochlorite, 2 % A gluteraldehyde for 5 proceedingss, and 0.5 % A Na hypochloriteA for 10 proceedingss. Dimensions of the disinfected feelings and their attendant dramatis personaes were measured utilizing a computerized digital calliper, and the dimensional alterations were calculated. Reproduction of item and surface quality of the attendant dramatis personaes were assessed by rating dramatis personaes surfaces harmonizing to a specific marking system. 0.5 % Na hypochlorite was found to bring forth the least dimensional alterations in all the feel ing stuffs. Corsodyl produced the maximal alterations in both alginate and zinc-oxide eugenol while addition-cured Si was most affected by Gluteraldehyde and condensation-cured Si was most affected by Hexana. The dimensional alterations, nevertheless, were minimum and clinically undistinguished. Addition-cured Si showed the best surface quality and dimensional stableness followed by condensation-cured Si. Alginate and zinc-oxide eugenol had poorer surface quality and were affected to a higher extent by the disinfection processs. The consequences were comparable with the standard specifications for dimensional stableness. Recommendations were made for the usage of 10 proceedingss submergence in 0.5 % Na hypochlorite as the most appropriate disinfection protocol to the investigated feeling stuffs. A survey by Semensato et al. , ( 2009 ) , investigated a quantitative rating of the antimicrobic efficaciousness of eight different disinfection processs for irreversible hydrocolloid feelings and the dimensional alterations induced by them. Samples were collected instantly after feelings, after the disinfection processs and over dramatis personaes and analyzed for bacterial growing. Control, enzyme solutions, acetic acid and ultraviolet irradiation samples showed bacterial growing. Chlorhexidine and 1 % Na hypochlorite presented equal antimicrobic activity, while 2 % Na hypochlorite solution showed the best consequences. Dimensional alterations were similar to those of the controls in all the tried agents. The consequences indicated 2 % hypochlorite was the most appropriate germicide tested.Materials and MethodsThe purposeThe purpose of this undertaking is to measure dimensional stableness of irreversible hydrocolloid ( dental alginate ) feeling stuff before submergence in bacterici dal solution and after submergence in bactericidal solution in different clip.MaterialsThe stuffs which were used harmonizing to the direction of several industries are presented in table 1. Dental alginate feeling stuffs ( fast scene ) 500g Bactericidal tablets ( HAZ-TABS ) 2.5g Demonized H2O 1 litterInstrument and equipmentElectronic calliper digital thermometer Bath tray Bowl Blending spatula digital timer Silicon mould digital weight graduated tableThe process of experimentThe dental alginates were assorted harmonizing to industries ‘ direction 8g of pulverization to 17.5 milliliter of H2O ( 23- or+ 2 C degree/73.5 F – or + 3.5F grade ) , a standard manus blending bowl and spatula for 30 2nd. The dental alginates were dispended onto the Si mold ( 30 second ) and kept in bath tray ( filled warm H2O 38+ or- 1 C grade measured by utilizing digital thermometer ) for 60 2nd. The dental alginates samples were removed and measured the breadth, the length and the tallness from three different points. All dental alginates samples were immersed in bactericidal solution for 5 minute, 30 minute 60 minute and 120 minute. Brand name Industry Batch figure Ratios xantALGIN Heraeus Kulzer, LLC300 Heraeus Way South Bend, The Netherlands LOT3259044 17.5 milliliter of H2O / 8 g of pulverization Haz-tabs Guest Medical, Eden span, Kent, U K 09/21 1 litre of water/ 7 tablets Table1: The stuffs which were used harmonizing to the direction of several industriesThe consequence:The consequences of this thesis are to exemplify if any discernible alterations ( contraction or enlargement ) that may happen in irreversible hydrocolloid ( dental alginate ) after submergence in bactericidal solution. Sixteen rectangular samples ( n=16 ) were prepared from Si mold. Eight irreversible hydrocolloid ( dental alginate ) samples were measured before immersed in bactericidal solution and the samples were immersed in bactericidal solution for 10 proceedingss, 30 proceedingss, one hr and two hours. The other eight dental alginate samples were measured at the same clip but in a humid environment so comparing were so made. One manner analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) was utilized to find differences between the dimensions of alginate feeling stuffs after submergence in bactericidal solution ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) . Tukey ‘s standardised scope trial was used to spot accuracy differences among the combined variables. Statistical analyses revealed no important differences for the dimensions in all samples except in sample 4 ( height P=0.001 ) and 7 ( length P=0.008 and height 0.014 ) in groups which immersion in disinfection and samples 1 ( width P=0.003 ) , 4 ( width P=0.011 ) and 6 ( length P=0.003and height P=0.001 ) relative humidness. Figure 1: shows the average breadth ( millimeter ) of samples in groups A, B, C, D and E ( submergence in disinfection at different clip ) . Group A as a control group. Group B all samples contract apart from sample 1and minor alteration in sample 2.Group C all samples are decreased once more comparing with group A except sample 1but it is decreased comparing with group B and sample 7 about the same as in group B. in add-on sample 8 somewhat expands comparing with group B. Group D sample 7 increased approximately 0.58mm from control group and somewhat additions in samples 6 and 8 but all samples are decreased. Group E samples 1 and 3 about the same as a control group and samples 2, 6, 7 and 8 are increased but samples 4 and 6 are decreased. Figure 2: shows the average length ( millimeter ) of samples in groups A, B, C, D and E ( submergence in disinfection at different clip ) . Group A as a control group. Group B Figure 3: shows the average tallness ( millimeter ) of samples in groups A, B, C, D and E ( submergence in disinfection at different clip ) . Figure 4: shows the average breadth ( millimeter ) of samples in groups F, G, H, I and J ( humid environment at different clip ) . Figure 5: shows the average length ( millimeter ) of samples in groups F, G, H, I and J ( humid environment at different clip ) . Figure 6: shows the average tallness ( millimeter ) of samples in groups F, G, H, I and J ( humid environment at different clip ) .A

Business Research Ethics

This article explains why it is important for banks to have good ethics. The banks have an ethical responsibility to the government, the shareholders, and the people they serve. Communities have a history on trusting the banks to loan money to responsible parties. The banker’s role is one of stewardship based on trust (Green, C F 1989). The banks major responsibility is to trust our government, customer’s shareholders, and management staff to be ethical in their decisions. In this article, they discussed how ethical issues have an impact on managing for the longer term. There first question asked was when a company lies does an individual or company have an ethical responsibility to report any bad conduct to that individual. The answer to that question is yes, they have a responsibility to report any illegal actions. The laws of a LLC still hold companies accountable for what they do and banks are held accountable for what they do. A company can only go forward doing bad business for a short time before they start to collapse, and what I mean be that is if a company lies, cheats and steals form the people they will certainly be discovered. Therefore, the article tells us that in the end, even though it might be more effort for the company, (the banks) the company who does well ethically will stay in business. Having said that we have to acknowledge that money is a sticky business and business to make money. Therefore, as the markets open up through deregulation the World Wide Web and its technology will replace the face-to-face contact. Now deregulation just means that companies can trade and sell in markets that were closed to them in the past. Read Essay In Westminster Abbey Analysis Currently we have a single person working for a company doing both the selling and buying for us where it used to be stockbrokers and jobbers but with the new laws they have now rid of the jobbers and have given all the power to the stockbrokers. Now we have to trust the brokers and the companies they work for. Now the government has an obligation to protect the interests of the individuals they serve. The Government trust is clear from the financial services industry in Britain, of course there relationship depends a lot on the legislation, but then again the trust is there and has been for many years. For example, a recent example of consumer protection in the UK banks, national Westminster Bank has chosen independent status. They choose to give their customers an unbiased advice. At the very least the banks can be broken up into two parts those who barrow money, and those who lend it. Both the lenders and the barrowers have a very different and moral responsibility. A lending banker has to consider the canons of lending. The canons of lending are the banker’s responsibility to find the purposes’ in why an individual would need to be loaned money. The ethical issues that need to be understood are the purpose for the lending. It would be the banker’s ethical responsibility to the bank, and its community that uses there local banks to make an honest and ethical decision to loan the money to the borrower. The integrity and business ability of the borrower need addressing. The banks need to look at how the borrower will repay the community and the banks for the money they borrow. This is when the banks or the managerial staff will be satisfied to loan the money to the borrower. When all responsibility parties and issues have been addressed. In the banks situation they are always concerned when loaning money to an individual or a small company. There are ethical decisions to be made. Banking and finance is the people’s business meaning we depend on our people to run the business. The article was big on describing the relationship between the people and the banks are one. For example, the people who work at the banks live in the same communities they serve. Therefore, the banks make their employees and managers sign contracts to work. These contracts protect both the people and the banks form wrongdoing. The contract states both the banks and the employees’ rights. If there is an incident, the contract is extended beyond the contract and into the laws of society. The article gives examples of companies where action on issues like disciplining staff or creating equality opportunity extend beyond contracts and into legal requirements. Our society has its own standards on ethical behavior and this article explains how ethical behavior can be avoided by following the rules of contracts and having a moral obligation to the community by having good ethical standers. This article sums up by reiterating that the banks have responsibilities to both the government, stockholders and the people to make good ethical decisions.

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Characteristic of the U.S. health care delivery system - Essay Example 9). These characteristics hinder the delivery of healthcare in the US because they pose problems of delays and legal complications. These characteristics reflect that the US healthcare system is highly fragmented and has immense political, economic, and cultural influences. People belonging to certain ethnicities and age groups e.g. older African Americans receive poor access to effective healthcare treatment. In the researches controlling for insurance of health, the older African Americans have been found to have gotten lesser eye examinations, screening for breast cancer, and various other kinds of treatments (Yeo, 2009, p. 1279).The US healthcare system also reflects lack of a central governing agency in the US. The current system of US healthcare poses many emotional, cultural, and political challenges for the health care administrators. However, support for the model of universal health coverage in the US has increased in the recent years and this is seemingly the best way to make the healthcare system unbiased, cost effective, and of high quality (Pushman and Chung,

Minimum wage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Minimum wage - Essay Example Kiddyland, a nonprofit daycare center, faces space and funding challenges. Larson, being the manager, ought to consider various options and choose the most suitable. Larson may consider implementing a fee program, where parents may pay a small fee for the project (Rowe, 2013). This will serve as the key funding for the program. The fee program may be in the form of a flat fee or a sliding scales plan. In the flat fee program, parents pay equal amounts. A sliding scales fee plan compels parents to pay amounts based on their income capabilities. In the sliding scale program, Larson ought to be cautious not to overcharge parents, in order to sustain the tax exemption from the government. Larson may employ the acquired money to run the most crucial activities of the daycare center. In case of surpluses, the money may be used in acquiring more land, in order to create more space for the daycare activities. Kiddyland daycare center is also church-based. As such, Larson may persuade capable members to donate land for this noble project (Rowe, 2013). High-income members may also opt to sponsor some children, which careful consultations. Additionally, since Kiddyland is nonprofit daycare center, it may qualify for government funding. However, it must conform to the various guidelines set by the Internal Revenue Service (Hopkins & Middlebrook, 2008). Additionally, government grants are extremely competitive, and mostly limited. As such, Larson and other concerned parties ought to sacrifice enough time while pursuing such grants and comply with the set regulations. Larson’s daycare center runs on a limited budget. As such, she ought to consider purchasing various products that sell at reduced prices. The center, being a nonprofit organization, may qualify for tax exemptions. For Kiddyland to qualify for tax exemptions, it must fill an IRS tax exemption form that ought to be approved first (Hopkins & Middlebrook,

Juvenile Focus Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juvenile Focus - Article Example Among such programs and strategies, include a package on guiding discipline in schools released by the collaborations between the departments of Justice and Education. In another strategy, the country’s National Center for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice has developed a course on mental health and juvenile justice called the â€Å"Mental Health and Juvenile Justice Collaboration for Change,† which as the name suggests, involves collaboration between different stakeholders on various juvenile issues. Overall, the author advances the important role that all stakeholders should play by collaborating with each other to address juvenile delinquency. Realizing that addressing juvenile delinquency requires the collaboration of all stakeholders from individual families to communities and to different government agencies, the author provides rationale for collaboration between different stakeholders, which makes the article important for anyone to read. By addressing issues on children and youths, the future of this country and the world, the article is important makes for an interested read for other people in order to acquaint themselves with the different approaches and the various ways they could get involved in the issue of juvenile delinquency. The article is easy to understand since the author uses simple language that is understandable without using jargon. In addition, the article is well organized as the author uses headings to present each item under discussion.

Irish Drama Essay Example for Free

Irish Drama Essay In the book â€Å"Blood and Oil: The Dangers and Consequences on America’s Growing Dependence on Imported Petroleum† by Michael T. Klare, he focuses on the growing attention that the natural resource of oil has had and for sometime has been the main focus of just how American foreign policy has been molded to gain, either by force or peace, oil. Klare offers an important look at U. S. national security policy in very turbulent regions of the world where most oil is black gold. The author argues that U. S. foreign and military policy has been increasingly driven by the need to ensure reliable access to foreign oil, especially in the Middle East, and that American foreign oil dependence continues to grow, U. S. forces in increasingly find themselves fighting to defend oil producing regions and supply routes. Klare points out his thesis by documenting the substantial and growing U. S. dependence on foreign oil and the problems it has creat4ed, Klare describes the increasing involvement of the United States in the Middle East since World War II and with the particularly close ties with Saudi Arabia as well as the negative consequences of this involvement has on American security. The authors writes in detail the latest phase of the story by analyzing the energy strategy adopted by the Bush administration in 2001 and how this has only reinforced U. S. dependency on foreign oil with this being especially true in the Persian Golf. Klare goes on to describe the administrations polices toward that region. In chapter five the author discusses the possible prospects for diversifying foreign oil supplies and concluding that this approach offers little hope of reducing U. S. reliance on the Gulf even though it would increase the chances of conflicts in other region. In one description Klare discusses how the U. S. oil dependence may increasingly turn towards conflict with Russia and China. The author summary of what the cost of oil dependency in the final chapter and briefly gives an alternative strategy which would detach our pursuits of energy from security commitments to foreign governments by reducing oil consumption and in the development of alternative energy sources. Michael Klare gives a good argument and shows just what the national security consequences of U. S. foreign oil dependence or consequences that have been overlooked. The theme throughout the book is that American leaders have gone to great lengths to secure oil and has made this a matter of national security to be able to safeguard it through the use of military force. The author well documents his writings with a great number of notes and uses primary sources. The most shocking is the current policies Bush has in place towards the Gulf and how Bush has a very detailed strategy for the American domination of the Persian Gulf for gaining great amounts of oil. This strategy has three goals; the first is the stability of Saudi Arabia, the second was removal of Saddam Hussein and to replace him with a stable government that could give more output for oil and finally pushing Iran for a more stable leadership change. As the lust for oil increases an increase of military response will be seen as a necessary and just cause for wars. Reference: Klare, M. T. (2004). Blood and oil: The dangers and consequences of America’s growing dependency on imported petroleum. New York: Henry Holt.

The Role of Diplomat and Functions

The Role of Diplomat and Functions INTRODUCTION Communication and technology has been the driving force of a new world order of globalization affecting areas of the international system bringing about certain developments and changes that affects statecraft and the roles of the professionals that carries out this functions for the state. The role of a diplomat has a tremendous impact on foreign policy decision which consequently finds expression through certain means such as communication and technology, with the primary motive of using information and representation as a vital instrument of diplomacy. Diplomacy therefore can be said to be defined â€Å"as the professional management of relations across sovereignty† (Melissen, 1999, p.1). Over time the growth in communication and technology has had major effect on how diplomats carry out their functions and the major roles they play bringing about certain changes from the diplomacy of the Ancient periods to the present day modern diplomacy. However, in examining how the changes in communication and technology has affected the role of the modern diplomat this essay is going to examine the historical context of diplomatic communication, the roles of the modern diplomat, the impact of communication and technology in diplomacy, how certain changes have affected the roles of the modern day diplomat and thereby concluding with certain solutions that would improve the negative effects of communication and technology on the roles of the modern diplomat. THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF DIPLOMATIC COMMUNICATION. Diplomatic communications in the past was basically done by non technological means through the use of very obscure methods such as signs, wooden tablets and the use of messengers. According to Melissen the first record of a diplomatic communication was in form of a letter written on a stone which was to be delivered by a messenger who walked 2000 kilometers to perform his roles.(1999,p.3). The use of the messenger symbolized representation of the country in communicating certain issues of foreign policy to the other country making sure that every information was confidential and delivered to the right person with total understanding of its content. During this period the method of delivering letters was one of the most effective ways to carry out diplomatic relations with the messenger as the professional who has the ultimate role of making sure the purpose of the representation is achieved and also responsible for giving his home government feedback on his diplomatic mission. The messenger served as a form of sovereign equality between the countries and was being sent because of certain qualities which he possessed and as the countrys confidant. (Melissen 199 9,p.4) Also elites in the society and men of very high reputations experienced in states affairs were also given roles of negotiating agreements on behalf of their state government. (Leguey-Feilleux 2009, p.25) The messengers served at different levels of state postings for a period of time reporting and collating many conversations with the king, palace officials and other foreign diplomats (Melissen 1999, p.4). They basically helped in carrying out major functions that facilitated the several achievements of their government. The messengers also engaged in several strategic activities such as forming alliances with neighboring countries and intelligence collation of political issues. (Melissen 1999, p.5). They were also used to foster trade negotiations between counties on behalf of their home countries. These messengers also had to be resident abroad to constantly perform duties because traveling was very dangerous and often difficult. (Leguey-Feilleux 2009, p.24). At this time there were no good road networks or viable transportation system in other words messengers traveled very long distances to perform roles in very unsafe conditions. Consequently Leguey-Feilleux emphasizes on the fact that, these messengers were been used as a source of contact between their countries and their neighbors playing roles of mediation and were also used to make preparation for court visits, served as agents on temporary and adhoc missions, engaged in crucial debates with other representatives over their governments policies and engaged in information gathering of both internal and external relations (Leguey-Feilleux 2009, p.31-36) Consequently diplomats also submitted protest, presented legal claims for review, made proposals, represented at social functions and tolerated diversity of civilizations (Melissen 1999, p.9) There was also the exchange of objects, drawings and gifts that clearly stated out the diplomatic intentions of the diplomats and the kind of relationship they want to maintain. (Bianca, 2009, No 1). Despite all these roles clearly stated there were some limitations that brought about the need for an improvement on the roles of the diplomat (messenger). Challenges such as animosity in a mission and bad behavior altered communications between states and made some representatives unfriendly with each other. (Eban, 1998, p.27). Governments were also in doubts of the representatives they sent on missions in other words they were not given total authority on certain issues of international politics considerably there was the problem of cultural and language differences which sometimes made missions not so productive and some times the messengers were captured for ransom.(Leguey-Feilleux,2009,p36-40). But with time things began to change especially as country moved from one political era to another and with the creation of improvised means of communication and the lingering evidence of interdependence which is today known as globalization coupled with the conscious growth of technology. Melissen confirms this by emphasizing on the growth of civilization as flourishing diplomatic practice (1999, p.7). According to Leguey-feilleux, the fourteen and the fifteenth century improvement on communications and technology intensified diplomatic practices and sharpened the roles of a diplomat marking the renaissance period the beginning of modern diplomacy which brought about significant diplomatic innovations. (2009, p.37) During this period slight changes were made to make the roles of the diplomat more efficient and specific. As regards this there were more diplomatic missions established abroad giving the instance of the first realistic resident embassy in Italy (Melissen1999, p.13) New forms of activities arrived; government started using couriers, ciphers, codes, telegrams, pomps and ceremonies were seen as being vital but traveling still remained difficult. (Leguey-feilleux, 2009, p. 42) In addition the nineteenth century brought an improvement to the roles of diplomat with the creation of multilateral diplomacy where by diplomats had a larger playing ground to perform their roles. (Leguey-Feilleux, 2009, p 43). THE ROLES OF THE MODERN DIPLOMAT. Gradually with the emergence of the twentieth century the roles of the modern diplomat increased in different dimensions and moved considerably to a global level with obvious changes in communication and a severe impact from technology. According to the Vienna Convention some of these roles are as follows; The representation of state socially, politically and ceremonially in other countries. The protection of states interest, overseas nationals and states commercial activities. Negotiations on behalf of government and signing of agreements. Information gathering of states activities externally, and in missionary cases, gathering information from host countries. The promotion of cordial and friendly relations in the international system. (Encyclopedia Britannica,2009, No.164602) Other major functions are as follows; which finds expression in political activities, trade activities and consular activities. This trade activities as to do with knowing about commercial developments, while the consular deals with the major local activities of its host country and political activities are majorly maintaining good political relationships abroad. (Eban 1998, p.33-39) Consequently the roles of the modern diplomat can extend to his family basically on the social aspect and morals of good behavior. According to Wood, the roles of a diplomat has a form of professional identity on their wives and family, giving the example of the wife of a Mexican diplomat who contributed to her husbands roles by writing a book on diplomatic identity.(2004,volume 25) Diplomats also play major roles such as being among a committee to draft a charter giving the example of Lord Gladwyn a British diplomat who took part in drafting the United Nations Charter. (Stout, 1996, p.2) Diplomats also create relationships and maintain good level of communication between external affairs and internal structures.(Watkins, 2008, No1). THE IMPACT OF COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY AND ITS EFFECT ON THE ROLES OF THE MODERN DIPLOMAT. Globalization is the major catalyst of the wind of change that has blown into the works of the modern diplomat. Starting from the consular diplomat to the political and all other areas, the issues of global interdependence and its continuation through technological means of communication as left little for the diplomat to function on but in no doubt there are some major achievements as a result of this change. Consequently technology as brought about faster means of carrying out diplomatic statecraft functions which can be seen according to Melissen â€Å"through the invention of devices such as telephone, technological transportation systems, telecommunications and the internet. (1999, p.171) As a result of this diplomats can do their works faster without fear of danger especially while traveling, there are better methods of communicating with friendly relations without walking long distances, there are more graphical technological instruments that describes complex economic and political situations that helps the diplomat to be effective in his work and also help the government of the day to whom he reports to. According to Melissen. The creation of the rail way transportation gave the diplomats a very good edge in performing their functions on land, also with the creation of electric telegraph and fax machines which has enabled faster communication between diplomatic relations.(1999,p.171) Leguey_feilleux also describes major technological innovations as substantially contributing to the evolving of new diplomatic methods that shapes the roles of the modern diplomat at the level of communication (2009, p.46). The impact of the media in fostering the roles of the modern diplomat are not underestimated as well, giving information and sometimes helps in relaying diplomatic intentions to the public creating a from of feedback process from the public to the government. The creation and the application of IT (information Technology) is no exception to the fostering of modern diplomatic roles with the increasing performance of hardware and software for information gathering (Melissen, 1999, p.171). With this development information is easily accessible and can be codified there by serving as a source of security for important documentations and intelligence finding. This would practically make the diplomat work more efficiently to accomplish missions. Looking closely all this impact on modern diplomatic roles finds expression in digitalization bringing new management tools, low cost on access to information and integrated resources of information. (Melissen, 1999, p.171) The use of media especially as regards public diplomacy has fostered the role of the diplomat in breaking down cultural barriers between its policy officers and the specified public. (Gilboa,2000,No. 3) This thereby creates a political atmosphere for better functioning. Despite all this major impact of communication and technology, there has been major changes that as served to displace the roles of the modern diplomat. Melissen confirms this by saying that, â€Å"the position of a diplomat is related to the sovereignty of a state which as a result of globalization as thrown into questions the viability of a state to manage social, economic and political affairs.†(1999, p.173) Looking closely as well, the creation of international organizations, such as ILO (international labor organization), United Nations and Commonwealth undertake certain functions diplomats carry out because of the states membership and inability to solve certain problems. (Leguey- Feilleux, 2009, p.45). Economic initiatives such as the Bretoonwoods system and GATT were majorly done out of the context of the roles of the diplomat, it was basically done and concluded by international organizational members (Leguey- Feilleux, 2009, p.45). Without any doubt, the use of telephones, media and satellite communication has weakened diplomatic representatives (Melissen, 1999, p.171) Heads of states now conclude on foreign relations via telephones without the representation of the diplomat and also hold conference meetings with other heads of state via video calls and internet conferencing. This gives the diplomat little to do because its role on representation is being replaced with some form of technological breakthrough. Also some international organizations perform major diplomatic assignments on their own by sending special officers on special missions, interfering in external dispute thereby altering the roles of the diplomat (Leguey-feilleux 2009, p.46) Further more there is the emergence of transnational actors whom as a result of technology have supporters around the world, yielding into political power itself without any form of representation. (Leguey-Feilleux 2009, p.46) For example looking at the connections between elites of a society with other elites outside its countries who basically have business relationships with each other and make decisions that affect states policies without official representative of the state. Consequently also the relationships between diplomats and their government is changing, when there are misconceptions on issues states actors just use the most effective technology to communicate.(Leguey-feilleux,2009,p.86) More so giving the fact that the concept of power as changed in the international system, there is no more clear distinction of the concept of diplomacy. (Melissen.1999, p.175). This simply refers to the obvious that major international organizations mediate the act of diplomacy on their own especially when it comes to war situations or peacekeeping without totally involving diplomats but involving state actors at some point. More over the source of information is regarded to be more powerful than even territory and physical resources. (Melissen 1999, p.175) According to Nye and Owen in this fast growth of an international political system aided by technology, information is seen as the ultimate weapon of state relations (Nye and Owen cited in Melissen, 1999, p.175). As a result of this states actors on their own hirer special officers to look into certain issues and bring viable information rather than leaving it to the diplomats. Nye and Owen further argue that; the importance of technology, education and institutional flexibility is increasing and its changing the roles of foreign policy actors and also their governments in managing and promoting national interest.(Nye and Owen cited in Melissen 1999,p.175). the understanding this gives is that supranational organizations are becoming more powerful in the international system which affects statecraft and consequently affects the works of the technocrats under its administration not making them effective as they use to be. Information technology is gradually making spatial concept irrelevant looking at the use of satellite in space to get first hand information which basically alters a diplomats role in gathering information (Melissen 1999, p.176). This basically implies that others especially the media already have the same information as well and can deliver the information even before the diplomat does. Another major effect of technology is the Media. According to Leguey-feilleux, The CNN factor makes information instantly known around the world which mounts pressure on state to find solutions in time which consequently gives diplomats very short time to deliberate, strategize and respond to issues. (2009, p.87). Eban in his book calls this â€Å"The Intrusive Media† (1998, p.75). The media is basically seen as an obstruction often which basically slows diplomatic duties and bring about inadequate decision making. But Eban points out to the fact that no matter the situation of the media the diplomat still as to put in to consideration his partner and his own public opinion.(1998,p.75) CONCLUSION Consequently the many changes in communication and technology has its major positives sides using the telephone as an example which can be used to carryout roles especially in warring situations without being in physical danger of any kind. Giving the example of the â€Å"mediation by telephone in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict which brought the signing of the Oslo peace process between the two countries in 1995† (Leguey-Feilleux, 2009, p. 89). Technology has also helped to facilitate the work of diplomatic intelligence with the creation of electronic spying, network power, early warning and crises management and cyber security.(Leguey-Feilleux,2009,p.92-94) Therefore the role of a modern diplomat can basically be managed with respective cooperation from the state actors, civil service and the Foreign Service itself. With each understanding the underlying factors of its functions without clashes of any kind as regards communication, information and technology. BIBLIOGRAPHY Leguey-Feilleux, J.(2009),The Dynamics of Diplomacy (Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc.). Eban, A. (1998), Diplomacy for the Next Century (Yale University). Melissen, J. (1999), Innovation in Diplomatic Practice (Macmillan Press Ltd.) Wood, M. (2004), â€Å"A Diplomats Wife in Mexico: Creating Professional, political and National Identities in the Early Twentieth century† A Journal of Women Studies Volume 25. Stout, D. (1996), â€Å"Lord Gladwyn, British Diplomat, U.N Leader (News) (Obituary)† Daily News Los Angeles CA,October 27.,pp.2. Gilboa, E. (2000), â€Å"Media coverage of International Negotiation: A taxonomy of levels and effects† International Negotiation Journal, Volume 5, NO.3 Bianca, C. (2009) â€Å"Digging for Antiquities with Diplomats:Gisbet Cuper (1644-1716) and His Social Capital† Republic of Letters : A Journal for the study of knowledge, politics and the arts Volume 1, No.1 Watkins J. (2008), â€Å"Toward a New Diplomatic History† Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies Volume 38, No.1. Encyclopedia Britannica, (2009). â€Å"Diplomacy†, Retrieved 07/01/10, from Encyclopedia Britannica online. Http://www.britannica.com/EB checked/topic/164602/Diplomacy. Melissen, J.(2009), â€Å"Americas Information Edge† in S. Nye and W.A. Owen, Innovation in Diplomatic practice. (Macmillan Press Ltd),PP. 175

Smokers Beware :: Smoking Health Tobacco Essays

Smokers Beware Paul Benko puts on his shirt and tie and begins the 15-minute walk to work. He is going to a job that has become a little bit more enjoyable since May 5, 2003. Benko, a non-smoker, has been happier at work as the manager of Our House East, a small bar on the Northeastern Campus in Boston, given that this bar no longer can allow smoking inside. â€Å"It used to get really smoky inside and was hard to breathe sometimes because it was so busy and everyone was smoking,† Benko said. â€Å"I would have to dry-clean my work clothes every week because all my nice shirts reeked of smoke.† The lack of a specified smoking section also caused this small campus bar to become extremely filled with smoke. â€Å"People used to walk around smoking, talking, and drinking,† Benko said. â€Å"It was gross and people used to burn each other all the time.† According to an Environmental Protection Agency study, nearly 3,000 people die each year from second-hand smoke. Much exposure to second-hand smoke is caused by having a spouse or co-workers who smoke or working in a place where anyone can smoke. The ban was instated to protect those non-smoker lungs and the lungs of children. â€Å"It was decided that people should not have to decide between their health and their jobs,† said Gifford Miller, New York City Council Speaker, when he announced New York City was going smoke free. A study done by the World Health Organization showed workplace exposure to second-hand smoke gave a 17 percent increased chance in developing lung cancer. While this number was not considered statistically significant it is still an unnecessary increase. Each year Massachusetts spends $4.8 million on tobacco prevention, control, and awareness programs, according to the American Lung Association. Besides the smoking ban, the biggest fight against smoking has been the tax rate. Massachusetts state law requires a tax of $1.51 per pack of cigarettes; one of the highest in the United States. Massachusetts is not the first place to fight for smoke-free air. Norway was first place in the world to ban smoking in all public places and Britain is in the process of creating a similar law. In the U.S., California and Delaware already have statewide bans of smoking in all indoor workplaces. Maine bans smoking in restaurants and many other states such as Montana, Arizona, and West Virginia are seeing individual cities and towns go smoke-free.

The Return of Martin Guerre Essay -- Natalie Zemon Davis French Histor

The Return of Martin Guerre Historian Natalie Zemon Davis wrote an informative novel about the lives of peasants in the sixteenth century. Entitled The Return of Martin Guerre, Davis tells a true story about a law suit against a man claiming to be someone he is not. She familiarizes the reader with peasantry, laws, and moral attitudes of the time. The story begins in 1527 with a family move from the French Basque country to the village of Artigat. There the Daguerre family settled and started a tileworks business; a prosperous business in the sixteenth century. They eventually started businesses in wheat, millet, vines, and sheep. To be accepted in the new town the family had to make some changes such as speaking a different dialect, dropping the 'Da'; from their name thus pronouncing and spelling it 'Guerre,'; and also in style of dress. As for the Guerre women, life in the village of Artigat was a drastic change. No longer could they push ahead of the men to make their offerings at parish mass or go about the church to collect for the vestry. The Guerre's seemed to like their new lives, their family grew, and they became successful in their trade. In 1538 the only son of the Guerre family, Martin, got married to Bertrande de Rols, the beautiful daughter of a well-off family. After much trying they have one son. In 1548 the rich peasant disappeared from the village of Artigat after a family dispute over his stealing some grain from h...

Model of cultures Essay

Organizational culture and national culture: The case of multinational companies: ZARA (outline) Defining concepts: What Is organizational culture? A system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations. (Organizational Behavior, p. 546) Do organizations have uniform cultures? (Ibid, p. 548) Dominant culture and subculture How the culture ofa country influences the culture ofa business? Geert Hofstede identifies four cultural dimensions that can have a profound impact on the business nvironment: Individual level: individualism/collectivism Organizational level: power distance Occupational level: uncertainty avoidance Gender level: masculinity/femininity (Hofstede, Geert, Cultures and Organizations: Software ot the Mind, 3rd ed, New York, McGraw-Hill, 2010, p. 25). Organizational culture communication – media and social sharing Norms National culture Values social Behaviour The individual values of a country predict organizational culture and consumer behaviour (Hofstede) National culture cannot necessarily be used to predict rganizational culture and consumer behaviour The case of multinational company: ZARA Found by Inditex – ZARA present in 86 countries, a network of 1,770 stores (Inditex, http://www. nditex. com/en/who_we_are/concepts/zara) High standards – company culture is highly decentralized and flexible High standards – company culture is highly decentralized and flexible Workers organized in teams – positive results Competitions among teams continuous feedback ( ZARA: culture, http:mashlonworldwlde. wlklspaces. com/ Culture) Innovation and flexlblllty 200 persons In design team 82,8% of workers are women Satisfy customers’ needs from dfferent cultures and backgrounds – Store managers report the demands of customers and the sales trends to the headquarters on a daily basis Awareness of corporate responsibility: Social dimension. environmental dimension. product health and safety Marketing – Zara decided to move towards a geocentric orientation, allowing the company to adopt in some cases local solutions rather than merely replicate the OF2 nome mar et. K Lara sells a largely nomogeneous product Tor a glooal market (Havlan and Polo, 2000). Moreover, there are some adjustments in its marketing mix because of the customer’s size differences in Asian countries (Monllor, 2001), laws issued that require the availability of clothes for youth in all sizes in Buenos Aires (La Opinion de La Coruna, 2006), cultural differences in Arab countries where some clothes cannot be sold, and a different season in the other part of the world (Euromonitor, 2002a).

Who committs suicide in prison more males or females

Research Paper In January 2012 Freddie Dabneylll died by driving His Car into the James River. Authorities ruled that the cause of Death was suicide. The Suicide rate in Virginia has been continually rising. In 2011/2012 it was reported that the suicide rate reached an all time high at 13 Suicides in one year. This has been the highest number of suicides in Virginia for almost a decade. According to the States Medical Examiner Office, Virginians' are three times more likely to die from a Suicide then a Homicide.The Medical Examiner's Office said that the stress of Unemployment, elationship problems, and the lack to access Mental Health Resources all played a part in the rising Suicide numbers. Suicide is the act of a person taking His or Her own Life. Who is more likely to commit suicide in prison males or Females? Is there a way that we can prevent Suicide? Suicide can be prevented; most people who commit Suicide do show signs of constant stress and frustration or Depression. Virgin ia Department of Health) 90% or People who kill themselves have a Diagnosable and treatable Mental Illness. Suicide is the 10th leading cause of death in The United States of America. In 2007 the Number of People who died from Suicide was 34,598. 395,320 people were treated in emergency departments for self inflicting Injuries. The numbers of attempted suicides are always higher than suicide, it is estimated that there are 25 attempted suicides for every suicide. Females from Virginia reported that they had Mental Health Disorders more than Males.For Males that's not good because reporting that you have a Mental health Disorder means that you actually went to get help and receive treatment, and when it comes to that females seek help more than Males. Medical Examiner's Office 2008) In 2007 the CDC (Center of Disease Control) in Virginia conducted a survey to Measure attitudes regarding Mental Health Issues. 90% of Virginians agreed with the statement â€Å"Treatment can help person s who have Mental Illnesses†. Only 54% Virginians agreed with the statement â€Å"People are caring and sympathetic to others that has a Mental Disorder.Suicide can be prevented we just have be willing to be more caring and concerned about people who has Mental Disorders. Between 2008 and 2011 there were 4,344 Suicide Deaths in a 5-Year Suicide rate of 1 1. 4 per 100,000 people Population in Virginia. Suicide was the 7th leading cause of Death in Virginia. (Virginia Health Department2008) During this Period of time the leading Mechanism of committing Suicide was Firearms (57. 3%) The second leading Mechanism was Suffocation (18. 6%). The rest of Mechanisms of fall (1 . 73%), Drowning (1. 38%), (1. 5%) of suicides were by other means.Virginians of the age 30 and older has the highest rate of Suicide; the suicide rate for people 35 and older was 18. 6 per 100,000. The second age group that had the Highest Suicide rate was youth 15-25 years old. Youth from the age 15-25 years ol d had a Suicide rate of 15. 5 per 100,000. In 2004 to 2008 there were a total of 3,420 Suicides, so from 2008 to 2011 the amounts of Suicides increased over a thousand. (Medical Examiner Office Of Virginia2008) The Suicide rate for Males in Virginia was 3. 6 times higher than Females. The Male Suicide rate was 17. per 100,000; the Female Suicide rate was 5. 2 per 100,000. The leading cause of Suicide for males was the use of Firearms. Out of all the Males that committed Suicide63. 5% of them used Firearms to commit Suicide. For Females the leading cause of Suicide was Poisoning, 38. 8% of females that committed Suicide did it by poisoning their selves. The Suicide rate for race varies but no race significantly outweighs the other. Even though the Suicide rate for Caucasians in Virginia are higher than the other races in Virginia, the Suicide rate in Virginia for a Caucasian person rate is only 2. times higher than African American person in Virginia. Suicide is the Leading Cause of Death for Inmates in Custody. In 2009 303 Inmates died due to the action of Suicide. The total Number of Suicides in prison for both Male and Females is 2,894. Sadly the Total number of Suicides for Male Inmates was 2,661, and for Female inmates were 232. Why do Male Inmates commit suicide ore than Female Inmates? There are more male Inmates than Female Inmates. In 2009 the males made up most of the Jail Population, 88% percent of the Jail population was males.Suicide rates in Jail have decreased every year 2008-2011. The Suicide rate went from 49 Deaths per 100,000 to 36 Deaths per 100,000. The male suicide rate was 43 per 100,000 Inmates in custody, and the Female Inmate rate was 12 deaths per 100,000. Though There More males in Prison that Females why is a Male 3 times more likely to commit suicide? When being Incarcerated Female Inmates receive more constant therapy and counseling than Male Inmates. In 1993 the BOP(Board of prisons) developed a special program for Female Inmates .This is special help for Female Inmates and its mainly used for them because its proven that a Female is 5 times less likely to commit a violent crime than a Male. This program is almost like a second chance in life. (U. S. Department of Justice Programs2009) When a Female is arrested and charged for a crime, their time to serve and sentence is lenient when compared to Males. During Incarceration Female Inmates receive Educational and Recreation programs. They also are given an opportunity to take Job Training and programs to assist Female Inmates to be better Woman, This as implemented by the U.S Department of Labor. The BOP offers Females Inmates the best Rehabilitation programs possible. Female Inmates apprenticeship programs offer special classes that give Females an opportunity to pick up a Trade. There are up to 40 different Trade programs for Female Inmates. The BOP also has special Mental Health Disorder Programs for Female Inmates. Remember Mental Health In 1994 A sheriff by the Name of Jim Pendegraph made a commitment to improve the treatment Programs for Male Inmates. These programs are supposed to help Male Inmates and address the reason why they are incarcerated.These Programs include Therapeutic, educational and Literacy Programs, While Incarcerated Male Inmates who are eligible may be allowed to receive treatment. This isn't a Law Implemented by the BOP though, this is something a Local Sheriff came up with to better the Community. It is known that while in Prison Females receive more treatment and better opportunities to better themselves than Males. Female Inmates also receive More Therapy for Mental Health Disorders than Males. Because of the advantages that Female Inmates have over Male Inmates this is the reason why Males commit Suicide More than Females.In Society period Males commit Suicide more than Females, because Females get treated more for their Mental Health Disorders that Males. When a Female has a Mental Health Disorder she is m ore likely to report it and attempt to receive Help. Males don't report the fact that they have mental issues and this risk factor is the main reason Males commit Suicide more than Females. (Medical Examiner's Office of Virgin2009) Suicide in Virginia and in the U. S is a problem that needs to be approach and talk about more in Society. Only 54% of people in Virginia agreed with the fact that people are caring to others that.

Challenges & prospects of garment industry in bangladesh Essay

Current problem and prospect of Garments industry in Bangladesh â€Å"A study on R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD†. Objective of the study:Broad objective:q The broad objective of this report is to identify the current problems and prospects of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTDSpecific objectives:q To identify the current problems of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD. To find out the current position of Bangladeshi garments industry in the world. To identify the growth and trends of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD. Methodology of the study:Ââ€" Research type:Basically it is a descriptive research by nature.Ââ€" Sources of data:Both primary & secondary data are used for this study, these are:Primary data: it includes the following sources of data.v By a questionnaire through merchandiser and floor in-charge.v Face to face conversation with the top officials.   Secondary data: I need much information for the report, which we get from secondary data.These are:v Annual report of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD. Different types of document of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD.v Various published document from BGMEA.v World wide web. Data collection procedure:Ø Questionnaire: Well structured questionnaire is used for primary data collection.Ø Population: Total population 24 including merchandiser & floor in- charge. 7. Ø Sampling frame: Name list of 24 merchandiser & floor in-charge.Ø Sampling method: Non-probability convenience sampling methods are used.Ø Sample size: 10 sample size. 8. Limitation: While preparing this report, though I have been helped by management of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD and other ways, there were some uncontrollable limitations, which are:Ø Unavailability of relevant research works, article, publications relevant to R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD.Ø Limited time of internship program. 9. Analysis and Findings:1. What type of products are produce in your industry? knit 40% woven 60%Findings: From this table it is seen that, 60% woven & 40% knit garments produce R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD 10. 2. Which are the exporting market of our country? USA 30% others 70%Findings: From this table it is seen that, 30% USA &Others is 70% market where my company does their business. 11. 3. Unskilled garments worker is problem for the R.M.KNITFASHION.LTD? strongly agree 30% agree 70%Findings: From this table it is seen that, strongly agree 30% and agree 70%.Unskilled garments worker  is the main problem for this industry. Do you think document delay & improper documentare the concluding major problems? no 30% yes 70%Findings: Above the table it is seen that, yes 70% & no 30%. 13. 5. Do you think R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has a enoughemergency stairs? agree 20% strongly disagree 50% disagree 30%Findings: From this table it is seen that, agree 20%, disagree 30% & strongly disagree 50%. 14. 6. Do you think R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has a enoughsecurity force & tools for fire controlling? agree 30% disagree 70%Findings: Above the table it is seen that, agree 30% and disagree 70%. 15. 7. Does R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD provides facilities fortheir worker? agree 40% disagree 60%Findings: From the table it is seen that, agree 40% and disagree 60%. 16. 8. Do you think R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has a highquality machine? agree 30% disagree 70%Findings: From the table it is seen that, agree 30% and disagree 70%. 17. 9. Do you think R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD pay workerwages timely? yes 30% no 70%Findings: From the table it is seen that, yes 30% and no 70%. 18. 10. Do you face any problems in collecting rawmaterial? yes no 50% 50%Findings: From the table it is seen that, yes 50% and no 50%. 19. 11. What are the basic problems on the way of developmentof R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD? dependency on foreign market 10% poor garment policy 30% unskilled labor 60%Findings: From the table it is seen that, unskilled labor 60%, poor garments policy 30% and dependency on foreign market 10%. 20. 12. How can we remove from above problems of R.M.KNITFASHION.LTD? increase investment try to increase the in this sector area of export 30% 10% establish new infrastructure and conducting training & development program 60%Findings: From the table it is seen that, try to increase the area of export 10%, establish new infrastructure and conducting training and development program 60% and increase investment in this sector 30%. 21. Current position of Bangladeshi garments industry in the world.Bangladesh ranks 4th largest clothing exporter in the world:Source: Xinhua [08:47 July 23, 2010]Bangladesh has been ranked as the fourth largest exporter of clothing with a 3 percent share of the global market by the world body World Trade Organization (WTO), Vice-president of Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) Faruque Hassan said on Wednesday.Hassan made the remarks while speaking to the members of Overseas Correspondents of Bangladesh (OCAB at the office of BGMEA. in xporter of cotton T-shirts and second largest exporter of cotton pullover and jeans for the European Union and the second largest exporter of cotton trousers to the United States by volume. The BGMEA vice-president said although the low cost production of clothing is still an important competitive edge for Bangladesh, the increasing competition in the global apparel market has caused manufacturers to produce quality products, increase the commitment with buyers and social responsibility in factories, which have made Bangladesh a reliable option in the global supply of clothing.At present, there are about 5,000 garment factories in Bangladesh and over two million workers are employed in the sector, 90 percent of them are women. 23. Growth and trends of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD Financial year UE U.S.A Total Knit Woven RMG Knit Woven RMG production FY 2009 140000 pcs 220000pcs 360000pcs 170000pcs 250000pcs 420000pcs 780000pcs FY 2010 165000pcs 230000pcs 395000pcs 176000pcs 258000pcs 434000pcs 829000pcs FY 2011 167000pcs 232000pcs 399000pcs 170000pcs 255000pcs 425000pcs 824000pcs 840000 829000 824000 820000 800000 780000 780000 760000 740000 2009 2010 2011 Graph: Growth & trends of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD 24. Major findings:Ââ€" Most of the time R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD produce woven products.Ââ€" Main market of our garments product is EU and Bangladesh also exports in USA and other country.Ââ€" Unskilled garments worker are problem for development of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTDÂâ€" Documentation problem is also a big problem.Ââ€" R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has no enough emergency stairs.Ââ€" R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has no enough security force and tools for fire controlling.Ââ€" R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD has no high quality machines.Ââ€" R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD do not pay worker wages timely. 25. Recommendation:Ââ€" Improving other garment product not dependent only for woven product of R.M.KNIT FASHION.LTD.Ââ€" Extended foreign market.Ââ€" Trained up workers by various diploma course.Ââ€" Fire consciousness is required for all workers.Ââ€" Increase emergency stairs.Ââ€" Ensure enough security force and tools for fire controlling.Ââ€" Ensure high quality machine, so that they can produce high quality product.Ââ€" And the most important is timely pay wages.

Domains Of Culture Essay

1. When you think about the origins of Religion and Spirituality in American culture, a lot of different ideas, stories or parables come to mind. But one question is hardly ever asked or even thought of. Does American culture have a religion? More to the point, is there a religion that can solely be sourced to origins on American soil? The answer is yes. Both Mormonism and Scientology have roots deeply planted in American culture. However, around 25,000 Americans practice Scientology and an estimated 6.1 Million Americans practice Mormonism. That makes up 1.8% of Americans, in addition to that most Americans don’t recognize Scientology as a real religion and Mormonism falls under the Christianity branch of belief. So what ideas are truly native the country. I believe you must add Native American Spirituality to this argument as a source of religion truly sourced and founded in America as it is still practiced by a vast majority of living Native Americans. But in order to get t o that we must first talk about the origins of Christianity as it stands with Americans today. 2. As it is true that Christianity is the most prevalent religion in America, It is also true that Christianity was brought to this soil with the first settlers. In England you had two choices for worship, The Roman Catholic Church and The Church of England. Both Christian churches, and theses settlers knew nothing but that so it comes to no surprise that those are the two major influences on American religion and spirituality. It should also be noted that those settlers wanted to distance themselves from England’s brand of religion so badly that the First Amendment of the Constitution explicitly lays out the separation of Church and State1. Christianity then splintered off into the various denominations that we have today, yet all of those styles still have the same foundation that can be traced back to Rome or England. Native Americans on the other hand don’t have those same beliefs. While Christianity focuses on a One true Higher Power, Native Americans look more to selection of Spiritual figures known as Deities. 3. Native American culture focuses more on the Earth, Weather, Sky and Sprits who manifest physical form as Deities. Depending on the culture these beings can be attributed to almost everything that is possible or could be possible. In most Native American Cultures there is  always one deity that creates man but, they are not always benevolent. The Abenaki and the Algonquian tribes believe that life was created out wood, stone and other earthly elements by Tabaldak so that the earth could be full. If you follow the Navajo the Earth itself was created by AsdzÄ…Ì Ã„…Ì  Nà ¡dleehà ©, she was also responsible for the stars and sky2. So who is right and who is wrong? No one can say. Most of these deities are created in myths and stories passed down from generation to generation. But the message is the same across the tribes, Give thanks for what we have for it is not always promised. Now that we have an idea as how Native American Culture sees religion, let’s see if matches up with how American Culture sees it. 4. In Conclusion, we have seen how the most prevalent form of spirituality in American in not was actually brought in from England. That religion lays out the idea of a Supreme God who commands from Heaven and is omnipotent. While the Native American Culture has its religious and spiritual roots found on American soil. They champion multiple deities who are responsible everything from creation to the basic things like food and water. The one thing they both have in common is you are expected to be a good wholesome person or you will be judged for you actions. In the afterlife for the Christians or when you just so happen to come across whatever deity you have offended with the Native American Culture. So no matter what you happen to believe in remember to be a good person and be ready to be responsible for your actions. 1 United States History website, http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h3787.html 2 Wheelwright, Mary C. (2008) [1942]. Navajo Creation Myth: The Story of the Emergence. Forgotten Books. p.17

Transformation of Work

Bachelor of Science (Hons) In Marketing BMME1 1142A Type of Assignment: Module: Lecturer: Member: UOB ID No. : Date of Submission: INDIVIDUAL TRANSFORMATION OF WORK (BAFW4) MR JOHN NEO BOON LEONG KAM YONG KUAT 10038891 27th JUNE 2012 Page 1 of 4 BMME1 1142A Transformation of Work (BAFW4), Individual Assignment, 27th June 2012 Kam Yong Kuat (UB: 10038891) A critical review of an academic article concerned with certain aspects of new issues of work Cross, S. and Bagilhole, B. (2002) Girls’ Jobs for the boys?Men, Masculinity and NonTraditional Occupations. Gender, Work and Organization, Vol 9, No. 2 pp204-226 Introduction of Gender segregation of the labour market By nature, there has always been occupational segregation through gender in all countries. This is the case, despite the differences in economy or political situation in the different areas. Even though it has been a long while since women have participated in the working force, women and men still tend to work in diffe rent industries, for one reason or another.Research conducted by Simon Cross and Barbara Bagilhole (2002) has shown that men dominated industries like drivers of road goods vehicles, production works, maintenance managers, warehouse and storekeepers, technical and wholesale representatives. And on the other end of the spectrum, only two occupational groups are wholl y female dominance (more than 90%); nurses and care assistants. Other female dominated industries including counter clerks, cashiers, catering assistants, primary and nursery school teachers and cleaners or domestic helpers.Unfortunately, gender segregation operates both horizontally and vertically in the working force. Not only are men and women allocated qualitatively in different field or work, women happened to make up the vast majority of the lower levels of the occupational hierarchy. Taking example from the nursing industry in the US, men makes up only the clear minority, yet, most are strongly encouraged to apply for promotions into managerial positions.William (1992) has highlighted on a very interesting metaphor of the ‘glass ceiling’ to that of ‘glass escalator’ in order to reflect the men’s smooth and inexorable rise to senior management. Many theories have been put forward to explain the persistence of gender divisions in employment, and it has mainly focused on women’s inability to compete on equal terms to men in the labour market. (Cross and Bagilhole, 2002) Men, masculinity and ‘non-traditional work’According to research conducted by Hearn (1992), masculinity has been found to be far from uniform and it is seen not as ‘the essence of men’, but rather as a product of cultural and historical forces. There have been other theories that highlight that man who worked in nontraditional occupations tended to present a less masculine gender-type compared with men in traditional male-dominant occupations (Chusmir, 1990). Judg ing from the entertainment and media scene in Singapore, it seems to further prove what Chusmir (1990) has argued. 0% of make-up artist, hairstylist and fashion designers tend to portray a more feminine persona, moving away from the traditional male masculinity. Some have even been regarded as a ‘fairy godmother’ (David Gan – Asiaone News, 2010). It may be due to the fact that clienteles from these industries are mainly female, thus the feminine persona, and eventually, homosexuality. But these also further clarify the point that Collinson and Hearn (1996) made, that masculinities are ‘socially produced, reproduced and indeed changeable’.There are also arguments that suggests men adopted a ‘transformed’ masculinity in nontraditional occupations such as teaching (Galbraith 1992) and men who reject stereotyped gender roles, and who performed non-traditional work, reported little or no gender role conflict (Luhaorg and Zivian, 1995) Page 2 of 4 BMME1 1142A Transformation of Work (BAFW4), Individual Assignment, 27th June 2012 Kam Yong Kuat (UB: 10038891) Cross and Bagihole (2002) however maintain that masculinity is the shorthand for ‘gender identity’.And therefore, through this study of the various subjects, it looked at ways in which masculinities are defined, ‘transformed’, (re)constructed, and maintained by men working in non-traditional jobs. Findings of the study of masculinity in non-traditional work One of the subject interviewed mention that ‘caring is seen as a predominantly female job because people see carers as being female, and aspects of caring like being empathic and sensitive to people’s needs are seen as something that men can’t do’.This has initiated the subject to challenge traditional ideas of appropriate gender behaviour in the work of a caring job. Another participant also highlighted the need to challenge the traditional culture of getting inv olved in the caring scene, even though he has been introduced to traditional masculine values since young, through the doings of his father and brother. He would be deemed as different from being a ‘real men’ if he would to pursue in caring work.One younger participant also noted that he have received adverse reactions when he mentioned to girls he met during a party, that he was a male nurse. He has to resort to lying about his occupation as women were not interested if he’s a nurse. The vast majority of women will start to question his sexual orientation or start to share their problems with him. These are just a few of the challenges that the participants have shared with regard to their sexuality and masculine identity. Nonetheless, the participants also have their fair share of attempts in challenging the challenges.A male gynaecologist who was also part of the study highlighted that he often felt otherwise when he observed his female counterparts treating f ellow female patients, and thought it was a bit shoddy. And because of that, he strives to ensure that he handles his patients with more tact and effort to ensure that his patients felt comfortable. This has gone down with well with his patients and he has been duly recognised for the efforts. One of the other participants, a male nurse, views his work as a lifelong career, something that he will be doing for the rest of his life.With this attitude and approach, he tend to take the job more seriously and look to strive better than his female counterparts, whom many a times, enters the industry, viewing it just as a second job or something to do until something better comes along. (Re)constructing a different masculinity There are also the few that look to (re)construct a different masculinity, by identifying with their work as being better indications of their true self (Cross and Bagilhole, 2002). The participants see their job as something that genuinely brings out their true natu re as a caring person.One of the male nurse involved in the study commented that he used not be able to express his emotions in public, due to the stereotypical views of the general public. But after joining the nursing industry, it has helped him to better express himself in a more liberating manner. He now has no problem sharing his emotions with people around him. This could also be the reason why based on recent reports, it has shown that more male nurses have been reported to enter the industry (More male nurse entering the industry – Asiaone, Page 3 of 4 BMME1 1142ATransformation of Work (BAFW4), Individual Assignment, 27th June 2012 Kam Yong Kuat (UB: 10038891) 2010). It could also be largely due to that fact that people have grown to understand and empathise that the work one does, is not a direct reflection of your sexual orientation or personality. Conclusion Based on the studies of the various subjects, Simon and Bagilhole (2002) was able to establish that the male s either attempted to maintain a traditional masculinity by distancing themselves from female colleagues, and/or partially (re)constructed a different masculinity by identifying with their non-traditional occupations.The men involved in the study have also shown to be actively maintaining traditional male values, and not challenging their gender identity. When challenged about their masculinity, some of the subjects have maintained themselves as the dominant gender by reformulating the perception of their work as being more men’s work, for example, by denying that a care-taker’s job involves caring only. It has a certain element of planning and management involved that will make the male dominance stands out. Just as how Segal (1999) argued, ‘men have remained the dominant sex by constantly refashioning masculinity’.Through this study, it is apparent that men have been able to successfully maintain their traditional advantages even in female-dominated work places. Even in female-dominated workplaces such as nursing, it does not naturally set the change or biasness in the women’s favour. The men’s behaviour and practices contributes to their dominance in the industry. WORKS CITED Feminine Males within Entertainment Industry Yoshio; http://www. whatshappening. sg/events/index. php? com=detail&eID=51825 David Gan; http://news. asiaone. com/News/The%2BNew%2BPaper/Story/A1Story20101110 -246661. tml More male nurses entering the industry http://www. asiaone. com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20100712-226496. html Cross, S. and Bagilhole, B. (2002) Girls’ Jobs for the boys? Men, Masculinity and Non -Traditional Occupations. Gender, Work and Organization, Vol 9, No. 2 pp204-226 Chusmir, L. H. (1990) Men who make non-traditional career choices. Journal of Counselling and Development, 69 (September-October), 11-16 Galbraith, M. (1992) Understanding career choices of men in elementary education. ‘Journal of Educational R esearch. 85,4 (March-April), 246-53 Hearn, J. 1992) Men in the Public Eye; The Construction and Deconstruction of Public Men and Public Patriarchies. London: Routledge Luhaorg, L. and Zivian, M. T. (1995) Gender role conflict: the interaction of gender, gender role, and occupation . Sex Roles, 33,9/10, 607-20 Segal, L. (1999) Why Feminism? Cambridge: Polity Press Williams, C. L. (1992) The glass escalator: hidden advantages for men in the ‘female’ professions. Social Problems 39,3, 253-67 Page 4 of 4 BMME1 1142A Transformation of Work (BAFW4), Individual Assignment, 27th June 2012 Kam Yong Kuat (UB: 10038891)