Thursday, October 31, 2019
I wrote it in Assignment Criteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
I wrote it in Assignment Criteria - Essay Example It is therefore in the light of this that this essay will be looking at the interrelationship between the relationship between politics and the media coupled with how the technological age is overtly or covertly facilitating the developments being witnessed today. In doing this, the essay will assess ongoing trends in the media industry with the view of using them as the basis to make deductive analysis leading to inferential conclusions about what that holds for global politics. The twenty first century has ushered humankind into a dispensation of unbridled technology driven developments that was hitherto highly unthinkable in our annals. Kellner (2002), cites the advent of the computer that ushered in the radical information technology dispensation, the usage of multimedia technologies and a host of others as the brainchild behind the evolution of the so-called rise in the â€Å"information society†which in the view of some observers is very synonymous with the rising trend in globalization (Castells, 1996). Still within this context, Best & Kellner, (2001), studied the trend in media development in the twenty first century then came out with compelling truisms that alludes to the fact that among other things, the new dispensation has created the platform to overcome major unconstructive differences, facilitation of dialogue that have also seen the renewed participation and integration of the traditional global south into the mainstream of the inte rnational political economic environment. It is also worth stating that thanks to the wind of liberalization blowing through the so-called â€Å"information society†the former crude structures that defined the establishment of social organizations and the conduct of political activities have steadily crumbled giving way to a refreshing move towards modernization. Evidently, today’s landscape can be described in all certainty as an innovative hybrid of
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Dewey has a concept of body-mind very different from Plato. What is Essay - 1
Dewey has a concept of body-mind very different from Plato. What is body for Dewey- what is soul Explain how Dewey attempts to account for human intelligence, and why he rejects old notions of dualism - Essay Example In philosophy, the word dualism is used to represent the differences between body and mind. â€Å"In dualism, ‘mind’ is contrasted with ‘body’, but at different times, different aspects of the mind have been the centre of attention†(Stanford encyclopaedia of philosophy-Dualism). Famous philosopher Rene Descartes has put forward the idea of dualism. He believed that mind is a non physical substance whereas body is a physical substance. He argued that brain is the origin of intelligence and the mind, the origin of consciousness and self awareness. Plato, another famous philosopher, supported and elaborated the arguments of Descartes. He argued that our perceptions of distinct and immaterial objects are nothing more than shadows. Even though Plato succeeded in defining soul as an entity imprisoned in the body, he failed to give a clear answer to the question; what binds a particular soul to a particular body. The questions like; ‘what happens to th e soul and mind once the body faces death’ and ‘what happens to the soul and mind if all the materials used in the making of our body is substituted with some other materials from another planet’ are difficult to answer with the help of dualism theory. John Dewey rejected the dualism theory because of the above concerns and argued in favor of a single entity consisting of body, mind and soul. Dewey has elaborated his arguments with the help of following example. The being who eats and digests is also the one who at the same time is sorrowing and rejoicing; it is a commonplace that he eats and digests in one way to one effect when glad, and in another when he is sad. Eating is also a social act, and the emotional temper of the festal board enters into the alleged merely physical function of digestion. Eating of bread and drinking of wine have indeed become so integrated with the mental attitudes of multitudes of persons that they have assumed a
Sunday, October 27, 2019
The case study of Toyota
The case study of Toyota Through the case study of Toyota we shall understand the concept of operations management better and comprehensively. Before analyzing the operations of Toyota let us know more about the company. Toyota Motor Corporation is Japans leading carmaker. The company has international existence in more than 170 countries across the globe. It manufactures a variety of automobiles including cars, pickups, minivans and SUVs including models such as Camry, Corolla, 4Runner, Land Cruiser, Sienna, the luxury Lexus line, and full-sized pickup trucks. It has enormous financial potency, a sales turnover of 131,511 million for 1997 and sales growth of 29.3%. It is the second largest car maker in the world, following General Motors. Some of the key points of its success include: Successful Brand: Toyota has gradually developed into a trusted brand based on quality, first-class performance and for being eco-friendly. (Lysons Farrington 2005) Innovation Toyota is at the front position of car manufacturing innovation. It was the earliest car maker to embrace lean manufacturing (called Toyota Production System) which is a quicker, more competent process which leads to a lesser amount of waste compared to the conventional batch and queue technique of manufacturing. It in addition applied JIT (Just in Time manufacturing) and smart automation. Product Development Answer to the achievement in the car market is latest models which encourage demand and loyalty to the Toyota brand. Toyota has status for producing cars which are greener, more fuel proficient, and of first-class performance. Toyota has sought after to meet government necessities like reducing the impact on the atmosphere, economic changes including prices of fuel oil persisting to increase by developing of hybrid fuels. Toyota was the earliest car maker to promote hybrid (gas and electric) fuel, with the commencement of Prius model, earlier than its rivals. It effectively entered markets and penetrated them with both manufacturing and sales subsidiaries. Toyota easily gained first mover advantages by existence in internationally strategic markets (Asia, Europe, US) first, whereas its closest opponent (Ford, GM) gained grip in only 2 of (US and Europe). Toyota is well positioned to take lead of the development in South East Asian markets of China and India. Toyota has stimulated to a worldwide manufacturing model. Car manufacturing sites are costly, requiring high fixed cost investment. Toyota has moved its manufacturing site to where factor costs are lesser (with no comprising on quality) and currently manufactures diverse parts of the car and carries out assembly in diverse locations around the globe It has been mainly flourishing at gaining cost efficiencies and compared to the manufacture and assembly of cars in single location.(Management of technology and innovation in Japan, By Cornelius Herstatt, Hugo Tschirky, Christoph Stockstrom ) Major challenges and future outlook for the company: Car manufacturers are constantly facing increasing political and consumer group demands to manufacture cars that are more fuel-efficient and decrease emissions. Saturation, over supply in the developed world, has led producers to look to China, India and up-and-coming markets where population, income and demand is mounting. However, these countries have national brands which are increasing in reputation. Oil prices upsetting the price of fuel. Consumers handling of cars are declining. Faced with increased operation costs, consumers are reported to be using their vehicles less to bank on household costs. Governments across Europe are encouraging car-share and substitute forms of transportation. These factors are disturbing the demand for latest cars. Varying demographics: The size of families has been declining. This has condensed the demand for bigger cars, and an upswing in demand for fuel proficient smaller cars. After understanding about the company along with its problems and solutions we shall study in detail about the operations management of Toyota Motor Corporation. As we are already aware that automobile industry is huge and is popularly split into two categories namely, commercial vehicles and cars. Even as General Motors is the worlds largest automobile producer, the situation of car market is rather different due to sudden changes stimulated by Japanese counterpart Toyota racing ahead. Recently, Toyota has gained worlds leading car manufacturer label having about 17% market share, followed by GM and Ford who have approximately 15 and 12 per cent market share, respectively. (Toyota Culture, By Liker ) Processes under consideration for Toyota Motor Corporation                Operations are the second pillar supporting production activities. As already studied above, operations are associated to the flow of equipment and operators. Improvements in operations management has been long emphasized in the Toyota production system. Operations have three fundamental components preparation and after-adjustment, principal operations and marginal allowances. (Shingo Dillon 1989)                These are known as setup change operations which generally take place before and after the production of every lot. They are considered useful operations in the company. Earlier majority of the production took place in large lots because setup changeovers took a lot of time. Under those situations, producing in larger lots resulted in lower labor costs however it also caused an undesirable upscale in in-process stock. SMED setups The fundamental assumption behind the economic lot size, although is the sudden reductions in changeover is quite impractical and impossible. The development of SMED setups has led to the collapse of this assumption and the requirement for such economic lots to disappear. Making use of SMED to reduce setup times is usually regarded as a means to enhance the operating rates of machines without any doubt. It must not be forgotten, that greater profits are gained by application of SMED to process enhancements like using smaller lot production to eliminate stocks or getting rid of finished product inventories through the usage of rapid changeovers for order-based production. The second element of operational improvement understands of the concept of standard operations. In this section of our paper we shall completely explore this concept existing within the Toyota production system and its three temporal aspects.( Just-in-time for operators, By Prod Press, Productivity Press Development Team) Standard operations and the Toyota production system                Standard worksheets and the data contained in them are essential aspects of the Toyota production system. For any production personnel to be able to write a standard work sheet that is understandable by other workers, requires being self convinced by its importance. The company has eliminated waste by analyzing available resources, improving machining processes, installing autonomous systems, improvising tools and optimizing the quantity of materials available at hand. At the same time high production efficiency should also be maintained by putting an end to recurrence of defective products, operational mistakes and accidents and by encouraging workers to present their ideas.                By maintaining a standard work sheet efficiently Toyota to a great extent could keep a track on its production system and was able to eliminate any type of wastages or obstructions. A standard work sheet competently combines materials, workers and machines to manufacture effectively. In Toyota, this process is known as work combination which is a result of standard work procedure. The list clearly enlists three aspects of the standard work procedure as: Cycle Time Work Sequence Standard Inventory                Cycle time is the time which is allotted to manufacture one piece or unit. This is determined by the production quantity, which means the quantity required and the operating time. Quantity required per day can be calculated by quantity required in a month divided by the months number of operating days. In majority of the cases, delay takes place due to the differences in the operator motion and sequence. The job of the field supervisor, section chief is to effectively train workers which is possible through clear instruction sequence. Standard inventory refers to the minimum intra-process work-in-progress required for operations to take place. In Toyota production system, the condition that parts have to reach just-in-time implies that standard inventories need to met more meticulously. With the inclusion of just in just-in-time it means that if the parts arrive any time earlier to their requirement and not at the time when it is needed actually, then wastage cannot be eliminated. In Toyota production system, overproduction is entirely prevented by kanban. Consequently, there is no requirement for additional inventory and thus no requirement for warehouse and its manager. (Lowson 2002) Operations Management and its Theory                For any business organization, the value added by both operations management and operations strategy is fundamental and basic. The operational activities are fundamental to the provision of goods and services. Every organization offers a product and service combination. Eating a meal in a restaurant, purchasing a pair of Pepe Jeans, insuring an automobile; all have operations activities and their management is vital to the successful provision of goods and services. Operations management has its roots in the study of production and manufacturing management. Definition of operations management can be put across in the following words, The design, operation and improvement of the internal and external systems, resources and technologies that create and deliver the firms primary product and service combinations (Ramsay n.d).                To the extent organization structure is concerned, a few firms would have discrete operations function. It might be called a manufacturing department, an operation system or have no recognizable name itself. Although, it is a fundamental and essential function similar to marketing and accounting having professionally skilled operations or products manager. In different organizations these managers shall have different titles, a store manager for a retailer, distributions manager in a logistics company and so on.                According to the definition above, operations management is a concept which extends beyond the limits of internal production or manufacturing. Currently, it encompasses other additional activities including purchasing, distribution, product and process design, etc. Additionally, there would too be external managerial responsibilities at a supply network level which covers a large number of interconnections amongst external firms. (Betz, 2003).                It is seen that the study of operations management and operations strategy is comparatively newer discipline, when compared with a lot of social and natural sciences. In the definition of Operations management we made use of the term Product and Services combination which is an important point to be noted. The type of products or services has significant implications for operations management and operations strategy. Another important point is that in operations management goods and services are two distinct activities.                Organizations undertaking different diverse activities in providing variety of products and service often have many suppliers and customers. The concept of flexibility plays an important role operations management and it is a subject exercising the minds of many managers in todays modern organizations. The analysis of any operational activity is not a simple task as there are several important techniques which help the process. (Hutchins 1999) Value Adding                Value added is basically associated with how well an organization matches its product and service combination to the identified needs of its selected customers. Michael Porter (1985) comments, In competitive terms, value is the amount of buyers is voluntarily paying for what a firm provides them. Value is measured by total revenue, a reflection of the price a firms product commands and the units it can sell. Creating a value for buyers that exceeds the cost of doing so is the goal of any generic strategy (Ramsay n.d). Usually a single firm would not take up all these primary and secondary activities. As it is a known fact, firms are increasingly becoming reliant upon others in their supply network. Kanban                With an enhanced tool, we could be able to achieve wonderful outcomes. But if it is used wrongly, then this very tool can make things worse. Kanban is amongst those tools which is used incorrectly could lead to a number of problems. To correctly employ Kanban, we need to firstly understand its role and then subsequently establish the rules for its usage. Kanban is a technique to achieve just-in-time; its aim is as the name suggests just-in-time. Kanban, in true sense becomes the autonomic nerve of the production line. In this, production workers begin to work themselves and make their individual decisions regarding overtime work. The kanban system also clarifies what should be executed by managers and supervisors. Thus, it promotes improvement in both work and equipment. The objective of elimination of wastage is too highlighted by kanban. Its implementation demonstrated what is waste, allowing creative study and enhancement proposals. Complete Analysis of Waste While thinking about the absolute elimination of waste, the company has to keep two things in mind: Improving efficiency can make sense only when it is linked to cost reduction. To be able to achieve this, Toyota has to begin producing only those items which use least manpower. Consider the efficiency of every operator and of every line. Then take a look at the operators as a group and subsequently at the efficiency of the whole plant. Efficiency requires to be enhanced at every stage and at the same time for the entire plant.                By successful elimination of these wastes shall entirely enhance the operating efficiency by a wider scale. To accomplish this, Toyota must make only the quantity required, thus eliminating surplus manpower. The companys management is responsible to recognize excess manpower and use it efficiently. Total Quality Management: TQM is a group of management customs throughout the business, geared to make sure the organization constantly meets or exceeds customer necessities. TQM places strong concentration on process measurement and controls as way of constant development. A complete, organization-wide attempt to develop the quality of products and services, appropriate to every organization. Through the implementation of TQM, senior management will authorize all levels of management, together with self management at worker level, to handle quality system. TQM focuses on: Focuses on constant development. Recognizes responsibility of everybody in the business. Views business as an internal system with a concentrated aim. Focuses on the means responsibilities are accomplished. Emphasizes on joint effort. Direct benefits of TQM are as follows: Amplified satisfaction of workmanship amongst individual workers Improved willingness. Enhanced sustainability caused by extended time among equipment failures Comparison of Theory with Practice Value Adding Value chain analysis could be utilized to describe the activities within and around the Toyota and associate them to the competitive strength of Toyota i.e. the capability to offer value for money products and services. Therefore, the approach is based upon the requirement to recognize separate organizational activities and examine their value added. Different resources including people, machinery, information etc. should be deployed into activities, routines and systems which produce the requisite value. (Liker Hoseus 2008) Primary activities: Inbound logistics: Receiving, storing and distributing the inputs to Toyota Operations: Transforming inputs into outputs. Outbound logistics: Storing and Distribution and delivery of product and service combinations. (Lowson 2002) Marketing and sales: A means through which consumers are made aware of and can buy automobiles. Services: It includes those activities which improve the value of a automobile. Support Activities: Procurement: It is the process of acquiring the resource inputs to all the different primary activities across the entire company. Technology development: All the activities are performed with the help of technology which includes know-how and knowledge, whether concerned directly with products or services or processes. Human Resource management includes all those activities like recruitment, managing, training, developing and reward system. Infrastructure: This includes the broader aspect planning, finance, quality control and information management. Kanban and its usage in Toyota Production Line Within a production plant, kanban is a powerful force to decrease manpower and inventory, elimination of defective products and preventing recurrence of breakdowns. Market diversification in Toyota can be seen through the variety of cars, SUVs and commercial vehicles it manufactures.                To illustrate, considering Corolla, the worlds largest mass-produced car during the late 70s, a definite production plan can be set up on a monthly basis. The total number of cars needed can be divided by the number of working days (which is the number of days on which actual production could be carried out) to the level the number of cars to be manufactured in a day. By studying each process like this, we could keep diversification and production leveling in harmony and still respond to customer orders in a periodic manner. Kanban enhances productivity and always moves with the required goods and thus becomes a work order for every process. In this manner, a kanban can easily stop any kind of overproduction, which is the largest loss in production for any company including Toyota.                To make sure that Toyota has 100% defect-free goods, they set up a system which automatically informs them if any process generating defective product is identified. Processes in Toyota mostly require just-in-time system which doesnt require any additional inventory. So, if the earlier process is generating defective parts, the subsequent process should stop the line. Additionally, everybody sees when this took place and the defective part is returned back to the previous process. Until such kind of defective work is decreased, it becomes complicated to assure a sufficient supply for the subsequent process to withdraw or to accomplish the aims of producing as economically as possible. An effort to thoroughly stabilize and rationalize the processes is the solution to comprehensively implement automation. (Betz 2003) Complete Analysis of Waste During 1950 labor dispute over manpower reduction and the ensuing business boom of the Korean War, Toyota struggled with a problem of how to scale up its production without increasing its manpower. The product manager came up with an idea and following means. For instance, one production line consists of 10 workers and manufactures 100 products yearly. This implies the line capacity is 100 pieces every day and the productivity per individual is 10 pieces a day. Examining the line and workers more in detail, one notices overproduction, workers waiting and other unnecessary movements depending upon the time of the day. If we try to enhance this situation and reduce manpower by 2 workers. The fact that 8 workers could produce 100 pieces every day suggests that Toyota could easily grab up to 125 pieces every day, increasing efficiency with no need of decreasing manpower. However, even earlier the company could manage the same efficiency but it was getting wasted due to unnecessary work a nd overproduction. This implies that if Toyota regards only work which is required as real work and defines rest as wastage, the equation given below holds true for both individual as well as the entire product line: Present Capacity= Work + Waste True efficiency improvement can take place only when there is zero waste and bring the percentage of work to 100%. As in the case of Toyota production system, they must manufacture only the quantity required, manpower should be reduced to trim excess capacity and the match needed quantity. (Lysons Farrington 2005) The initial step in the direction of application of Toyota production system is to recognize wastes entirely: Waste of overproduction Waste of time on hand (waiting) Waste of transportation Waste of processing Waste of stock in hand (inventory) Waste of movement Waste of manufacturing defective products Total Quality Management As already known, Toyota is famous across the worldwide market for automobiles and a number of studies done earlier emphasize the importance of linkage between quality and profitability. Profit margin can be altered by either commanding premium price in the market or decreasing the production cost. One of the most important aims of quality management is to satisfy customers which shall automatically lead to increased market share through more sales. Toyota has become number one car maker and its success is based on reputation of high quality. Cost reduction has been amongst the primary reason for Toyota to adopt TQM. Furthermore, cost cutting and improving the efficiency could focus on managers who are not very successful in implementation of TQM. Initially high quality costs would be higher for the management but over a period of time this application of TQM could decrease the costs. Those companies other than Toyota which focus on TQM are able to concentrate on errors. Toyota Produ ction system needs that what, when, where, why and how questions must be asked and answered for each of its defects. This helps in improvising their quality and reducing errors to the least minimum. (http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache%3AFyNsRG5iRWEJ%3Awww.delhibusinessreview.com%2Fv8n1%2F5.pdf+TQM+toyotahl=engl=insig=AHIEtbQStbbXQCHIKERt25d6KsGCNNjpMApli=1) Impact of quality on Customer satisfaction Toyota has successfully retained its number one ranking in the car market because of adapting to the practice of lean thinking which is not just limited to products and manufacturing processes but also to relationships with its customers and work force. Toyota has successfully marketed itself and through its activities which need product design, customer relationship building, technical service support for vehicles, brand development, and advertising and sales promotion capabilities. All this has led to a large customer base for the company which has helped it achieve its ranking in the market. Quality has been its key aim and it has already been studied earlier in the paper. Customers wish to get good quality products and Toyota successfully accomplishes its objective. Recommendations for improvement                As the paper comes to an end I shall quickly run through the principles of success adopted by Toyota Motor Corporation to become the worlds largest car maker. Successfully adapting to Technology In industry presently, the most important keyword is Flexibility. Everyone wishes to be as flexible as possible and Toyota is no exception. Initially, the factor allowing Toyota to compete with global players was its flexibility. For the company, flexibility doesnt imply pushing the latest and most recent technology onto its current operations and struggling to adapt to such changes. Make use of only thoroughly tested and verified technology which not only serves people but also the processes. Here again testing involves both existing technology and fresh or cutting edge technology which Toyota has comprehensively evaluated and proved that it is functional. (Lowson 2002) Individuals drive continuous enhancement Toyota has right from the beginning invested in people and in return obtains committed and loyal associated who come to work every day and on time and are constantly enhancing their operations. The company followed the principle of developing exceptional persons and teams who followed companys philosophy by first glancing at the system dynamics of the organization. Building excellent team who understands and backs the companys existing culture is simply not a matter of adopting trouble-free solutions or a reflection of applying motivational and inspirational theories. The backbone of management approach is to train exceptional people and building individual work groups with successfully integrated social system with the technical system. Look out for solid partners and grow together Initially when Toyota begun building automobiles, it didnt have the requisite capital or equipment for building the collection of components needed to build a car. Toyota accomplished this after hunting for reliable and dependable suppliers and entered into partnerships with them. During the initial stages company didnt not have sufficient volumes to offer a lot of business to its suppliers. So it offered its partners with the opportunity to grow their business mutually and benefit together. (Lysons Farrington 2005) The company has grown gradually by keeping up to its principles and standards into a successful and well-liked car manufacturer across the globe. Through this paper we have comprehensively studied the operations of the Toyota Motors Corporation and also better understood the concept of operations management and its importance in business organizations. References Betz, F., (2003).Managing Technological Innovation. New York: John Wiley. Hutchins, D., (1999).Just in Time. Aldershot: Gower. Liker, J., Hoseus, M. (2008).Toyota Culture. New York: McGraw-Hill. Lowson, R., (2002).Strategic Operations Management. New York: Routledge. Lu, D., (1989).Kanban Just-in-Time at Toyota. Portland: Productivity Press. Lysons, K., Farrington, B. (2005).Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. New York: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Shingo, S., Dillon, A. (1989).A Study of the Toyota Production System from an Industrial Engineering Viewpoint. Portland: Productivity Press. Ramsay, J. n.d. The real meaning of value in trading relationships. [Online] http://demo1.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet;jsessionid=798394907C676578F45AC5B85550736B?contentType=ArticleFilename=/published/emeraldfulltextarticle/pdf/0240250603.pdf [Accessed January 14, 2010]
Friday, October 25, 2019
Survey of American Literature Essay -- American Literature
As a survey of American literature there are many influential and celebrated authors. Jack Kerouac has become a well known writer whose nontraditional style has led him to fame. In Jack Kerouac’s writings, he used a stream of consciousness, spoke chaotic and randomly, and used long run on sentences. In â€Å"Big Sur†, Kerouac uses run on sentences that reach around 9 lines long. In the conservative 1950s, his stream of consciousness approach to writing was unheard of. Kerouac’s style was revolutionary for his time. Kerouac is, â€Å"regarded as a liberator of prose and champion of idiomatic American expression†(Baym 2542). Robert Frost was a well known, Pulitzer Prize winning author. Frost was known for his realistic style and portrayal of rural life. He used life in New England to analyze the complex social and philosophical themes present during the early twentieth century. Frost found beauty in nature and used it in his poetry. In the gist of Jack Kerouac, â€Å"The Road Not Taken†could be written as this: I came across two roads that diverged in a yellow wood---I was sorry I could not travel both since I was only one traveler; I stood there looking down one path as far as I could to where it bent in the undergrowth and then I took a look down the other path which seemed just as fair, being all grassy and wanted wear, but really both paths had been worn about the same. That morning both lay equally covered in leaves and I decided to keep the first for another day, and knowing how way lead on to way, I doubted if I should ever decide to come back. As I am I telling this tale, I tell it with a sigh; somewhere a long long time ago while in the woods, two roads diverged in front of me, I decided to take the one less traveled and that re... ... for someone, and finding a means for success. These are important lessons to be learned, which can be applied to in life. Works Cited Baym, Nina, Ed. â€Å"Modernism†Norton Anthology of American Literature Shorter 7th Edition. New York: Norton, 2008. 1260-1262. Baym, Nina, Ed. â€Å"Emily Dickinson†Norton Anthology of American Literature Shorter 7th Edition. New York: Norton, 2008. 1197-1200. Baym, Nina, Ed. â€Å"Jack Kerouac†Norton Anthology of American Literature Shorter 7th Edition. New York: Norton, 2008. 2542-1543. Baym, Nina, Ed. â€Å"Robert Frost†Norton Anthology of American Literature Shorter 7th Edition. New York: Norton, 2008. 1951-1952. Cahan, Abraham. â€Å"A Sweatshop Romance†Baym 1661-1670 Dickinson, Emily. â€Å"479: Because I Could Not Stop for Death†Baym 1214- 1215. Frost, Robert. â€Å"The Road Not Taken. Baym 1960. Kerouac, Jack. â€Å"Big Sur.†Baym 2544.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Holmes in the room Essay
‘ His ability to withdraw within himself and to detach himself is reinforced with his preference for German music; ‘it is introspective and I want to introspect. ‘ This behaviour is shown yet again in Silver Blaze in his movement from ‘day-dreaming’ and ‘absorbed in his own thoughts’ to ‘suppressed excitement’. This essence of his character is also a strong reference to Victorian morality in the duality of human nature. Conan Doyle’s stories convey the sense of a double life led by many middle class men, in particular. Conan Doyle conveys Holmes as possessing a character that changes from the ‘languid’, ‘dreamy’, ‘gentle’ sense of his inertia to his predatory qualities; ‘Holmes the sleuth-hound, Holmes the relentless, keen-witted, ready criminal agent’. The words ‘swing of his nature’ and ‘alternately’ further contribute to our impression of his dual nature. There is also a symbolic representation of a duality of human nature in the contrast between the ‘shabby’, ‘faded’, ‘weedy’ side of the square and the ‘fine’ ‘stately’ side that backs the pawnbroker and represents commerce. The gap between rich and poor widened with the growth in industry during the Victorian era. The growth in wealth is shown in the metaphor of a ‘tide’ and ‘immense stream’ of increasing wealth. Dual nature is also clearly identified in Silver Blaze when Silas Brown is shown to have two personalities; ‘never have I seen such a change as had been brought about in Silas Brown in that short time’. In The Man with the Twisted Lip you will find the strongest representation of dual nature. At the beginning of the story Holmes disguises himself as a ‘tall, thin old man’ so that not even Watson, his closest friend can recongise him. Conan Doyle describes the change in Holmes ‘his form had filled out, his wrinkles were gone, the dull eyes had regained their fire’. Doyle’s language in the paragraph conveys the duality of man and as the paragraph progresses, language marks Holmes’ transformation from ‘very thin; very wrinkled, bent with age’ to his real self. Finally he regains his ingenious disguise to ‘doddering, loose-lipped senility’. But the strongest personification of the dual nature of man lies in Neville St. Clair who is the embodiment of Victorian double personality; one life by day and another by night. The first evidence of this lies in his two distinct writing styles of which he has a different style for ‘when he wrote hurriedly’. But the main reference to duality of nature appears near the end of the story when Holmes starts scrubbing off the beggar man’s, Boone’s, face to reveal his true persona – Neville St. Clair. The description of the face peeled off and exposing the ‘refined’ man beneath shows the true extent of Victorian double nature. There is also a strong metaphor for the merging of the two sides of his character; ‘the horrid scar which had seamed it across’. In The Red-Headed League Holmes’s appearance is compared to that of a ‘strange bird’ with a ‘hawk like nose’. This draws an image of an almost predatory figure in the reader’s mind. This image is further reinforced in The Red-Headed League with his quick firing of questions to Jabez Wilson. These questions reflect his razor sharp ability to extract information and also his quick-thinking mind. He is also described as a bird in The Man with the Twisted Lip when Conan Doyle draws attention to his ‘strong set aquiline features’. This description could also be in reference to the publication of Darwin’s On the Origin of the Species and the idea that human kind were descendants of animals, beasts. There is also a reminder of Darwin’s theory in The Speckled Band; ‘I have heard, Mr Holmes, that you can see deeply into the manifold wickedness of the human heart. ‘ There was a huge fear in Victorian times that men possessed a bestial quality. This also conveys the Victorian double standard because Holmes works for the good of society, but possesses something that draws him towards evil. This is reinforced again in Silver Blaze when he is described as having ‘menace in his eyes’. In the Victorian age, a certain type of novel emerged from the largely romantic literary background, the Gothic novel, which was invented almost single-handedly by Horace Walpole who wrote The Castle of Otranto in 1764. It has been suggested, by the critic Ann B. Tracy, that the Gothic novel could be seen as a description of a fallen world. While Sherlock Holmes is certainly a hero in many senses, in that he solves crimes, repeatedly saves people from the forces of evil and restores moral values while he is at it, he could also certainly be seen as a Gothic hero. It is his strong power of perception that solves crimes, and it is his hunger for sensation that drives his crime-solving and his cocaine use. To succeed as a detective Holmes frequently must himself descend into London’s underworld, which further reinforces the theory of a fallen world. It could be said that in all of the Sherlock Holmes stories there is a Gothic element in the form of a mysterious, inexplicable situation. This could be definitely be seen in The Red-Headed League, but to really discover the more detailed elements that constitute the genre of a Gothic novel we can look no further than The Speckled Band, which is littered with references to a true Gothic novel. First of all there is the woman in distress, in this case taking the presence of Helen Stoner, who ‘arrived in a considerable state of excitement’. She is described as being ‘in a pitiable state of agitation, her face all dawn and grey, with restless, frightened eyes’, which certainly conforms to the Gothic element of women with highly wrought emotions. There is also a woman in high state of emotion present in Silver Blaze when Mrs. Straker’s ‘face was haggard, and†¦ stamped with the print of a recent horror’. Also present in The Speckled Band which is an element of a Gothic story is the occurrence of a cruel, tyrannical male who threatens and harms a woman, which appears in the form of Dr Grimsby Roylott, whom Helen Stoner appears to be considerably afraid of when she tries to hide the marks on her arm; ‘you have been cruelly used’. Then there is the setting in a ruined building, Stoke Moran, which seems to be in a considerable state of disrepair; ‘the building was of grey, lichen-blotched stone†¦. windows were broken†¦. a picture of ruin’. There is also a sense of mystery and suspense as the question is posed whether or not Dr Roylott killed Helen’s sister. Also the fact that Helen Stoner has been effectively forced into living in her sister’s room could be seen as a Gothic element, as could the eerie whistle which both the sisters heard in the dead of night. Conan Doyle’s literary masterpieces are been enjoyed by thousands for almost a century now and continue to capture the hearts of both young and old. So brilliant and absorbing are these stories that when Sherlock Holmes was ‘killed’ in The Final Problem fans complained so forcefully that Conan Doyle was compelled to resurrect him again. Holmes fans even refer to the time in between his death and revivification as the ‘Great Hiatus’. The Guinness World Records has consistently listed him as the â€Å"most portrayed movie character†with over 70 actors playing the part in over 200 films. A rare manuscript of one of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s final Sherlock Holmes stories has recently been expected to fetch a whopping i 250,000 at auction. Overall there have been 56 short stories and 4 novels, written over a decade. These accounts are littered with references to Victorian England and can help people today to understand what life was like in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Kate Manson 10S Page 1 of 5 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
NAACP history
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in New York, 1910 by Ida Wells-Barnett, W.E.B. DuBois, Henry Moscowitz, Mary White Ovington, Oswald Garrison Villiard and William English Walling. They felt that an organization is essential to fight for the rights of African-American. Before the NACCP was founded, Mary White Ovington had done extensive research on the lives of African-American in the New York City. Mary Ovington had a big concern over the African-American’s unsuitable life in the country. She did four years of extensive research on the lives of unhealthy housing conditions and the lack of work opportunities for African Americans. In summer 1908, Springfield race riot shocked America where many African American were killed or injured. It was from this event that initiated the formation of NAACP. Soon articles concerning the Springfield riots appeared in the newspapers and magazines. William English Walling wrote the Independent of September 3rd, entitled â€Å"Race War in the North. In his declaration, he mentioned that America has to start treating the ‘colored people’ equally like the white people or the race war will never end in America. He summoned the civil rights activists to meet and form an organization that would fight for the Black civil and political rights and give an end to the racial discrimination in America. A few years before 1905, a group of prominent, African American gathered to discuss the problems that African American faced in that era. The group later called as the Niagara movement. In January 1909, Walling and Ovington met in New York along with Dr. Henry Moskowitz, John Purroy Mitchell to found the NAACP. The Niagara movement conference held on May 30 1909 in New York attended by 40 individuals from National Negro Committee including a Harvard scholar W.E.B. DuBois, American journalist and anti-lynching crusader Ida Wells-Barnett. The name National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was chosen later at the second congress in May 1910. The mission of this organization was to promote the equality of rights; and to eradicate caste and race prejudice among the citizens of the United States; to advance the interest of colored citizens; to secure for them impartial suffrage; and to increase their opportunities for securing justice in the courts, education for the children, employment according to their ability and complete equality before law; mentioned in its charter. This NAACP in the progressive era and soon it became the dominant and effective organization for Black people in US. The progressive era (1890-1920) was meant to reform the social economy and political aspects in America. However there were some drawbacks in the racism issues, even among the progressive scientists; such as Lester Ward, Charles H. Cooley, and E.A. Ross, who believed that the dark races inherent inferior IQ or intelligence. Many Black leaders joined the white socialist movement, including Du Bois, Cyril Briggs, Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph as many middle class felt ignored in their existence in the larger America. There were a number of White liberals in the NAACP, however the organization became a Black parallel system to the liberal White system of power distribution. Thus it can be concluded that NACCP brought the African into the main stream movements helping in projecting the issues that African American were facing in the White majority through protests paving the way for future civil right movement in the 1960s. Reference Gilbert Jonas, Freedom's Sword: The NAACP and the Struggle against Racism in America. Routledge, 2005. NAACP Org, â€Å"History.†6 May 2007 ;http://www.naacp.org/about/history/index.htm;. ; ; ; ;
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
The History of Gadwal Fort in India Essays
The History of Gadwal Fort in India Essays The History of Gadwal Fort in India Essay The History of Gadwal Fort in India Essay Physical history of the monument till date Movement/ Enclosure spaces Configuration of spaces w. R. T the activities of the people of the era Geometry of the place Art forms Pillars and Beams Chases Relationship between the palace and temple Rituals and customs Present condition of the monument The causes for deterioration Conclusion Recommendation for conservation Abstract: A fortress is a large place with a military stronghold sometimes within a town. Gadwall, a small town in the current Unbarring District of the state of Andorra Pradesh, was once the place of the reigning King/ Queen of the Gadwall Shaman. Gadwall Fort was the seat of the King of the Gadwall Shaman. The fortress, a legacy bestowed upon the government of India, Is presently the campus for the Maharani ODL Lax Defame Arts and Science College (M. A. L. D College). The government college has used the fort as Its campus from 1960. The fort has lost Its Orlando magnificence and is now in ruins. The reasons include almost no maintenance of the dedicated to Lord Canvasses Swami. This study is an attempt to document the Fort from its birth to its present state. A study and analysis is also undertaken of the spaces in the fort in terms movement and the effects of the changing perception of spaces in the fort. An attempt is made to derive the purpose of each space and the difference in perception changing over time. The study shall reveal the various influences on the architecture of the fort, which include the outer influences like the McHugh rule, Nab rule and inner influences of rituals and culture of the region. In conclusion, ideas for the renovation and preservation of the Gadwall fort in various forms are presented. Preface: Indian architecture and art forms are the most significant form of communication with the past. The carvings in stone, the paintings on walls; every form of art conveys the message through the ages. The way of living, the traditions followed, the social norms that once dictated the very form of life one led, all these are an integral part of the history that is on the verge of being lost. The manifestation of an idea, architecture is a celebration of life Hating Panda The idea that once resulted in the building of a structure, to defend against enemies and to protect those within its walls, a fort personifies the imagination that led to its construction. Built to fulfill the wishes of those who have believed in it the fort is a celebration of life. Architecture in India is the combined form of various cultures, civilizations starting with the Harpoon/ Monongahela to the Aryan influences. The Persian and McHugh architecture are integrated into the traditional Dravidian and South Indian architecture to ultimately lead to the present form of Indian architecture. The history of such architecture is what enables it to communicate and integrate the multiple value systems of the people that have lived and will always live in it. Any building constructed in India will show the effects of being built in such a varied and diversified culture. The structure can represent a single influence or combine all its history rolled into one. The study of such a building shows how the history has influenced its conception, the present in its use, and the future in its vision. Introduction: Krishna Tang workaday Samaritan manquà © sad hardstand assists sere Ramadan pariah Was Vaughan in Brahmas Purina Archaisms (The land that lies between the two holy rivers, the Krishna and The Thunderhead, is the chosen land of God. The almighty with all his manifestations always protects the people living in this sacred land. ) Gadwall, a small town on the banks of the river Krishna, is part of this sacred land. Gadwall is popularly known as INDIAN GADWALL, as the rulers of Gadwall Shaman had a great reputation for men of letters, poets and scholars of Sanskrit and Deluge from far and wide places including Thumbnail rail and road on the Hydrated-Banger route, is situated 200 SMS away from Hydrated Norte to Banger. Gadwall has a railway station and many trains in this route connect Gadwall to many important places across India including Delhi, Jasper, Atrophic, Banger, Moser etc. It is 15 SMS away from National Highway No. 7 and is connected at Revival Chartist. It is surrounded by 4 important towns on 4 sides, Embargoing on the North, Handcart on the East, Kronor on the South and Archaic of Karakas on the West. Gadwall was in fact a part of Archaic district before the reorganization of the district of erstwhile Hydrated state in 1956. Gadwall Shaman formed in the end of the 17th century during the reign of Raja Commandos 1663-1712). The areas of CIA, Kendall (present Kronor) together formed the basis of this Shaman. The town developed due to the presence of the Gadwall fortress as the main stronghold of the kings during their reign. The Imperial Gazetteer of India states that the Shaman contained one town, Gadwall (population 10,195) and 214 villages covering an area of 864 square miles (approve. 2338 square kilometers) with a population (1901) of 968,491. The fort was built by Raja Commandos during the beginning of the 18th century I. . , from 1702 to 1712. The king had declared independent rule in the aftermath of the fall of the Katydid Dynasty. The building of the fort was a necessity in the sense that to declare independence the King risked the attack of the other smaller kingdoms that arose at the same time. Thus, the structure was built to repel frequent attacks and necessitated the construction to mainly f ocus on the defense mechanisms. The Krishna and Thunderhead rivers water the northern and southern lands surrounding the fort making them very fertile due to alluvial soils deposited on the banks. The remaining land is mostly mamas land and uncultivated waste. The fort has been in use since its conception in the year f 1702. By the end of monarchical rule in India in 1948 the fort had served its residents for 246 years. The fort was then donated to the Union Government of India along with a donation of RSI. 25000 for the use of the fort as an educational institution. The Maharani Dad Lax Defame degree college was established in 1960 and the fort has since been used as its campus. The addition of new buildings when a portion of the old collapsed was an accepted procedure. The gross negligence and petty vandalism has resulted in the ruin of one of the most important historical artifact, the fort itself. The present condition of the fort is a crumbling ruin with little or no maintenance. Composition: The fort built in 1712 had been occupied and functional till the end of monarchical rule in 1948. It was then handed over to the Government of United India. The fort was built as the main defense against attacks by armies with cannons so its most important feature was that of the large rampart completely surrounding the palace and the temple within. The towers at intervals form the place of battlements. In its original form, a moat of 25 meters width and 4 meters depth, home to a large number of crocodiles completed the defense. The fort is divided into three distinct zones; the temple, the palace for the King, and extensive grounds that worked as an area for military and public use. The main rampart wall there are two other entrances used for different purposes. One was the entry for the commoners, the courtiers and visitors. The other entrance was solely used by the reigning ruler of the fort be it the Queen or the King. The misalignment of entry points was deliberate and was made to discourage a direct charge on the gates. Zones of the fort The building is built in the beginning of the 17th century, when the influence of the Tamil Dravidian style of architecture had Just begun to fade and the McHugh architecture had begun its roots into the style of architecture in India. Thus the structure is a combination of both of these styles and with the addition of local artists and rituals the design and style of the structure is unique to the region. Rampart wall: The outer wall of the fort is built in an almost perfect circular shape with battlements at intervals. The wall is constructed on a foundation made in the rubble stone style of the Vagrantly architecture. The rubble stone foundation provides the stability squired of the 10 to 12 meters (30-40 feet) high wall which is 2 meters in width at the bottom and 1 meter at the top. The wall is made of a combination of clay, small stones and a mixture of Jaggier and rice working as the adhesive cement. This conforms to the ancient recipe used prominently in mud structures. The thickness of the walls and the height are a necessity to hold against a charge of cannon balls. The walls form the main defense of the fort and hence were built with meticulous and careful methods. The boulevard that ran along the battlements was a corridor for patrolling without making contact with the moat. The inner side of the wall is a continuous line of stone rubble cladding broken only by the entrance gates at the two access points. One entrance leads to the public open space in front of the main gate of the palace and the temple and the other leads directly into the royal court of the palace. Thus, one entrance is deemed to have been used only by the commoners whereas the other was used prominently by the King/ Queens family and guests. The Achaean Save Swami Temple: The temple is said to have been built for the sole use of the Royal family. Though, biannual fairs held in town allowed public access to the temple especially when elaborate by the royalty themselves. The temple is built in typical Dravidian style but entirely with granite stone. The locally available granite is cheap and lasts longer than timber. The treated stone column and beam construction style is prominently used. The copular at the entrance rises over 20 meters high with an entrance gate around 6 meters high. This is consistent with the South Indian Dravidian style of temple architecture. The shelter for the chariot used in public rallies of the statues of Gods/ Goddesses is placed beside the entrance of the temple itself. To the side of the ample is a smaller entrance to the temple which is mainly used by the priests. The pillars and beams of the temple are highly decorated carvings of stone in various motifs from the Hindu mythology. The exquisite carvings are said to be the work of local and foreign artists. The central temple is dedicated to the Achaean Save Swami Temple with the shaggier holding the deity. The pillared halls in the temple made of huge slabs of wagons ( rituals ). The temple beside the central deity temple is dedicated to the wife of Achaean Save Swami and was a later addition to the original temple. The unfinished temple to the right of the central deity temple is said to have been constructed as a public marriage hall but was left unfinished due to unknown reasons. The Palace: The palace is again segregated into different realms based on the antiquated notions of womens privacy. The Public space requiring an elaborate fade, a place for viewing the occasion by the royalty yet removed from the people, and a place to allow entry into the more private realms of the palace. Within the palace, there are again realms separating the lives of those in the royal court and those from the royal family. The royal courts and places for the communing of court formed the part of the royal realm. The private quarters of the King and Queen formed the rest of the palace. The private quarters are complimented by a set of servants, vassals and other personnel of the royal household. The external walls of the palace are mostly made with stone, but the internal walls, floors and ceilings are made of brick, mortar and a cement of lime plaster. The inner walls are coated with lime and smoothed to a shine. Public space: The public fade forms an important part of the palace structure as it is the most prominently used and gains the most publicity. The fade of the palace in Gadwall fort was made unrelieved wall on the ground floor and exquisitely carved teak wooden bay windows on the first floor. The hall covered by these windows is said to have been used by the Queen and her handmaidens. The windows exactly above the entrance gate of the palace were said to have been decorated by colored glass imported from foreign countries. The fade maintained a semi open space around the gate with a large public area leading to it. The temple copular, the fade and the magistrates court on the opposite side of the palace frame this open space.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)